Izindleko eziphezulu zokunakekela zidinga uhlelo lokuthenga olungaziwa
Ukunikeza ukunakekelwa kwempilo kwekhwalithi ye-American average kunzima ngaphandle kwenselele eyengeziwe yokugula okungapheli. Ngokusobala, kubantu abaphila negciwane lesandulela ngculaza, izinselele ezinkulu zinikezwa izindleko eziphezulu zezidakamizwa ze-HIV, isidingo sokunamathela ngokucophelela kokwelashwa , kanye nesidingo sokuqhubeka, ukwelashwa okuqhubekayo nokunakekelwa.
Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela ukuthi isilinganiso, izindleko zomuntu ngamunye ze-HIV zingaphezu kuka-$ 400,000-futhi lokhu kubantu abaqala ukwelashwa ekuseni futhi ikakhulukazi bagweme izifo ezihambisana nesifo esilandelayo (noma esingalashwa) .
Manje engeza kulezi izindleko ze-HIV zokwelapha, ezithatha umthamo wamanani aphakathi kuka $ 2,000 ngenyanga, futhi izithiyo zikhula ngokucacile. Ngisho nokutholakala kwezidakamizwa ezidakamizwa, eziningi zalezi mithi zihlala zingenakulungiswa ngenxa yezenzo "ezimbi" zokuthi ama- insurers angadinga kuphi kusuka kumaphesenti angama-20 kuya ku-50 ekhokhweni lokukhokhiswa kwemali yesiguli semithi ngayinye.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi umuntu onamaholo "aphansi" angu-20 angabhadala kalula phakathi kuka-$ 440 kuya ku-$ 480 ngenyanga ukuze athole i- Triumeq , enye indlela ejwayelekile, eyodwa yepilisi. Futhi lokho akucabangi ngisho nezindleko zokudonswa kwemali kanye nezinye izindleko ezingaphandle kwezingxenye zezinkokhelo ezingafaka izinkulungwane zamaRandi ngaphambi kokuba izinzuzo zakho zize zikhawule.
Kodwa-ke ukukhathazeka ngamathemba kungaba-ikakhulukazi kubantu abahola imali engenayo abangakwazi ukukhokhela ama-co-payments noma izinzuzo ezihlinzekwe ngamaqembu aphansi engenayo-kunezixazululo.
Abanye bangase bakudinge ukuthi ulungise isu lomshwalense wakho wamanje, kanti abanye bangakuvumela ukuba ufinyelele ezinhlelweni zokusiza okungenzeka ukuthi uzicabange ukuthi awufanelekile.
Kulabo abafuna usizo, nansi izindlela ezilula ezine zokunciphisa izindleko eziphezulu zokwelapha nokunakekelwa kwe-HIV.
1. Qala ngokukhomba ukufaneleka kwakho kosizo
Ukungaqondi kahle ukuthi izinhlelo zokusiza i-HIV zenzelwe ukusiza kuphela abantu baseMelika abathola imali encane kakhulu.
Futhi kuyilapho kuyiqiniso ukuthi izinhlelo eziningi zezinhlangano zikahulumeni nezombuso zikhawulela ukufinyelela kulabo abahlala ngaphansi noma ngaphansi kwe-federally poverty poverty line, akuzona njalo.
Njengoba kunikezwe izindleko eziphakeme zokuphathwa kwegciwane lesandulela ngculaza nokunakekelwa, inamba eningi emangalisayo iyatholakala kubantu abathola imali engama-dollar ayi-65,000 noma imindeni enomholo wonyaka wezingu-80 000. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinzuzo zihlinzekwa kakhulu kulabo abathola imali engenayo eguquguqukayo ehlelwe phansi kunamaphesenti angu-200 kuya ku-500 amaphesenti wezinga lobuphofu elisemthethweni (noma i-FPL).
Ukucacisa, imali engenayo yonyaka eyashintshayo (noma i-MAGI) ayiyona inani lemali wena nomngane wakho oshade naye owenza isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka. Esikhundleni salokho, imali engenayo ehlelekile (i-AGI) itholakale ekubuyiselweni kwentela yakho yonyaka (umugqa 37 ngo-1040, umugqa 21 ku-1040A, nolayini wesi-4 ku-1040EZ) kanye nokubuyisela emuva okulandelayo:
- Izinzuzo ezingekho intela zokulondeka kwezenhlalakahle (umugqa 20a umgca we-line 20b ngo-1040)
- Isithakazelo sokukhokha intela (umugqa 8b ngo-1040)
- Hlanganisa (umugqa 45 no-50 kusuka kwifomu ye-IRS 2555)
Njengoba lezi zibalo zikhona, ungakwazi ukubala i-MAGI yakho futhi unqume ukuthi iwela ngaphansi kwesigqebhezana se-FPL esinikezwe uhlelo oluthile lwesifundazwe, lombuso noma oluxhaswe ngasese.
Vele ukwandise i-MAGI yakho ngomngcele obekiwe (isib., Amaphesenti angaphansi kwama-300 we-FPL) ukuze ubone ukuthi ufaneleka yini.
I- federal level level (FPL) , okwamanje, isilinganiso esinikezwe uMnyango Wezempilo Nemisebenzi Yomuntu wase-US (DHHS) ukucacisa ukuthi umuntu noma umndeni ufanelekile yini izinhlelo zokusiza zikahulumeni ezifana neMedicaid . Ngo-2016, i-DHHS ibeke imihlahlandlela elandelayo ye-FPL kubantu kanye nemindeni:
- US $ 11,880 ngabanye
- $ 16,020 emndenini wesi-2
- $ 20,160 emndenini we-3
- $ 24,300 emndenini wezingu-4
- $ 28,440 emndenini wama-5
- $ 32,580 kumndeni ongu-6
- $ 36,730 emndenini wesi-7
- $ 40,890 yomndeni ka-8
(I-FPL kokubili i-Alaska neHawaii incane kakhulu.)
Ukusebenzisa le mihlahlandlela, umuntu ogama lakhe elingaphansi kwama-138 amaphesenti we-FPL angakulungele ukuxilongwa nge-Medicaid esekelwe engenayo kuphela. Ngokufanayo, usizo lungatholakala kulowo i-MAGI yakhe iphansi ngamaphesenti angu-200 noma ngaphezulu kwamaphesenti angu-500 e-FPL. Isikhathi esiningi esinganikeza izinzuzo emindenini ephezulu engenayo ephila ne-HIV.
Uphakama kangakanani?
Ezimweni ezinzima zama dollar, umbhangqwana oziqashile waseMassachusetts ohambisa ngokubambisana nemali engenayo yonyaka ka-R90 000 kanye nomshuwalense wezempilo wangasese ungase ube ne-MAGI engaba ngu-$ 76,000. EMassachusetts, ukufinyelela kuHlelo Lokusiza Ngezidakamizwa ze-HIV (HDAP) luvulekile kumabhangqwana anama-MAGI angaphansi kwamaphesenti angama-500 e-FPL (noma $ 80,100 ngo-2016). Phakathi kwalokhu kubalwa, lo mbhangqwana uzoba i-HDAP efanelekile.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, umbhangqwana ofanayo ngeke ukwazi ukufaneleka eTexas njengoba nje ukufaneleka kwesimo sezwe kufakwe ngamaphesenti angu-200 eFPL (noma $ 32.040 ngo-2016). Kodwa-ke, izinhlelo eziningi ezixhaswe ngemali ( bheka ngezansi ) zingase zitholakale kulabo abakhuphe imali engenayo.
2. Thatha indlela yokuHlola lapho ukhetha uhlelo lomshwalense
Ukusebenza ukuthi iyiphi inqubo engcono kakhulu wena nomndeni wakho kuthanda ukuhlanganisa iphazili efanelekayo. Uma ungumuntu ophila negciwane lesandulela ngculazi, ngokuvamile uzoba ukhokhelo wakho waminyaka yonke kanye ne- deductible yakho yonyaka kanye nezindleko zakho zokukhokhela izidakamizwa zaminyaka yonke ukuze ulinganise ukusetshenziswa kwakho kwezempilo. I-equation elula ngokwanele, izobonakala.
Noma akunjalo?
Njengoba kunikezwe izindleko eziphezulu zezidakamizwa ze-HIV, akuyona into engavamile ukuzithola ukhokhela ngaphezulu-noma-ngaphansi izindleko zenyanga zenyanga kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uthola inqubomgomo ephezulu yokukhokhela ama-premium / aphansi / okuphansi okukhokhelwayo okukhokhelwayo noma i-premium / high high deductible / high co-pay policy.
Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izidakamizwa ze-HIV zizohlala zibekiwe kwi-"tiel" ephakeme ebiza izidakamizwa uma unomgomo ophansi wezindleko. Futhi, ngisho noma kungenjalo, imali yakho yokudonswa yonyaka cishe iyobekwa phezulu kangangokuthi uzophela ukuchitha imali eningi ngaphambi kokuba ukwazi ukufinyelela noma yiziphi izinzuzo.
Kodwa akusiyo njalo indaba. Nazi ambalwa amathiphu alula wokukhetha inqubomgomo yomshuwalense ofanele uma ungumuntu ophila ne-HIV:
- Ungakugwema izinqubomgomo eziphezulu zemali yokusebenzisa izidakamizwa. Ngokuvamile sikulungiswa ngokunciphisa izindleko zemithi esiziyeka ngokuzenzakalelayo izinqubomgomo ezinamazinga okukhokhela izidakamizwa noma yiziphi izindawo ezivela kumaphesenti angu-20 kuya ku-50%. Futhi lokho kungaba iphutha. Esikhundleni salokho, khumbula ukuthi uhlale ubheka i- out-of-pocket ephezulu ebhalwe ngenqubomgomo. Kwezinye izimo, ukushayela kungahle kubekwe phansi (isib., Umndeni wama- $ 2,000 / $ 1,000 umuntu ngamunye) ukuthi uzofinyelela umkhawulo wakho wonyaka ongaphandle kwesikhwama ngaphakathi kwenyanga noma kokubili kokuqala. Ngemuva kwalokho, amaphesenti angu-100 azo zonke izindleko zezempilo azotholakala yinkampani yakho yomshuwalense, kuhlanganise nazo zonke izidakamizwa, izivivinyo zamalebhu, ukuvakashelwa odokotela, ngisho nezinsizakalo zokugula.
- Hlola ukubona ukuthi kukhona yini izidakamizwa ezidonswayo. Nakuba iningi lethu liqonda ukuthi yi- deductible , abanye bangase bangaqapheli ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi ama-deductibles amabili enqubomgomo eyodwa: eyodwa ngokukhethekile ngemithi kadokotela kanye nenye yazo zonke ezinye izindleko zezokwelapha. Ezimweni ezinjalo, izidakamizwa ezidonswayo ziyohlala zingxenyeni ze-deductible jikelele, okusho ukuthi ungakwazi ukufinyelela izibonelelo zakho ezigcwele izidakamizwa esikhathini esidlule kunomkhiqizo owodwa owenziwe. Lokhu kuyasiza ngokukhethekile uma imishanguzo yakho ye-HIV ibalwe ohlwini lwabantu abasebenzisa izidakamizwa eziphansi.
- Hlola i-formulary yezidakamizwa ezingakulondolozwa. Amakhemikhali amakhompiyutha akhishwa minyaka yonke ngezinkampani zomshuwalense ukucacisa ukuthi yiziphi izidakamizwa eziwela ngaphansi . Futhi ingahluka ngokuphawulekayo kusuka kumshuwalense kuya olandelayo. Kwezinye izimo, iphilisi elihlanganisiwe lingabhalwa ohlwini oluphakeme, kuyilapho izidakamizwa zalo zenkampani zihlelwe ohlwini oluphansi kakhulu olubiza kakhulu. Lokhu kungakuthola imali uma izidakamizwa ezimbili, isibonelo, zibiza kancane kunekhefu elilodwa-ikakhulukazi uma umuthi wokuhlanganiswa udinga u-coinsurance kanye namaphilisi amane kuphela adinga ukukhokha . Cishe kuzo zonke izimo, ukukhokhelwa ngokukhokha kuyindlela engabizi uma kuziwa ezindlebeni zezidakamizwa ze-HIV.
- Cabanga umshuwalense wangasese mayelana nokuqashwa okusekelwe kumqashi. Ukuhlakanipha okuvamile kuzosho ukuthi umshwalense wezempilo ("iqembu") ohlala kumqashi uhlale ungcono kangcono, ukuthi yini ngenkampani exhaphaza kakhulu ekunciphiseni amaphrimiyamu wenyanga. Futhi kuyilapho kuyiqiniso ukuthi isilinganiso esiphezulu sesebenza ohlelweni lweqembu ngamaphesenti angama-143 ngaphansi kwepulani elilodwa, izindleko eziphansi zama-premium zivame ukuhumusha ekusetshenzisweni kwemali ephezulu, ikakhulukazi kubantu abaphila negciwane lesandulela ngculaza. Yenza izibalo ngaphambi kokuba wenze kunoma yimuphi umgomo futhi ucabangele ukuphuma uma uhlelo lweqembu lungakhulumi izidingo zakho kanye nesabelomali.
3. Yenza Ukusetshenziswa Okuhle Kwe-Adap Izinzuzo
Uhlelo lwe- AIDS Drug Assistance Program (i-ADAP) luye lwabhekwa isikhathi eside njengesisombululo sokuqala semithi ye-HIV kubantu abaphansi kuya kubaphakathi baseMelika. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo ngo-1987, ububanzi besihlelo buye banda kakhulu, ngezinye izifunda manje ezihlanganisa ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha, ukuhlolwa kwelebhu, usizo lwe-inshuwalense, kanye nokwelashwa kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi kulezizinzuzo zabo.
Njengamanye izinhlelo ezixhaswe ngezimali, ukufaneleka kufanele kusekelwe ngokuyinhloko ngemali engenayo, imibundu yayo ingahluka kakhulu kusuka kuhulumeni kuya kuhulumeni. Ubufakazi bokuhlala kanye nemibhalo yesimo se-HIV kuyadingeka.
Ngenkathi amazwe amaningi ezokwehlisa ukufaneleka kwabomakhelwane base-US kanye nabahlali ababhaliwe kuphela, abanye abanjengeMassachusetts neNew Mexico manje banwebisa usizo lwe-ADAP kwabangaphandle abangaphandle kwamanye amazwe.
Okwamanje, izinyathelo eziyisithupha zase-US zivimbela izinzuzo kubantu ngabanye noma emindenini izimpahla zomhlaba siqu eziwela phansi ngaphansi komkhawulo othize, kusukela kusuka ngaphansi kwezingu-$ 25,000 eNew York State kuya ngaphansi kwamaRandi angu-4 500 eGeorgia.
I-ADAP yokuthola imali yokuthola imali ekhona manje ichazwe kanje:
- Ngaphansi kuka-200% we-FPL: i-Arkansas, i-Iowa, i-Nebraska, i-Oklahoma, i-Puerto Rico, i-Texas
- Ngaphansi kuka-250% we-FPL: i-Alabama
- Ngaphansi kuka-300% we-FPL: Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, Ohio, South Carolina, South Dakota, Wisconsin
- I-FPL engaphansi kuka-400%: i-Alaska, i-Arizona, i-Colorado, i-Connecticut, iFlorida, i-Hawaii, i-Minnesota, i-Nevada, i-New Hampshire, i-North Dakota, i-Rhode Island, eTennessee, eVirginia, eWashington, e-West Virginia
- Ngaphansi kwama-431% we-FPL: i-Montana
- Ngaphansi kwama-435% we-FPL: eNew York
- Ngaphansi kuka-450% weFPL: Michigan
- I-FPL engaphansi kuka-500%: iCalifornia, isifunda saseColombia, iKentucky, iMaine, iMadrid, iMassachusetts, eNew Jersey, e-Oregon, ePennsylvania, eVermont
- Ngokusekelwe imali engenayo yonyaka: i-Delaware (engaphansi kwe $ 50,000), i-Wisconsin (ihluka ngo-county)
I-ADAP ivame ukubhekwa njengomkhokheli wokuthatha isikhathi sokugcina, okusho ukuthi, ngaphandle uma ufaneleka ukuthola i-Medicaid noma i-Medicare, kuzodingeka ubhalise ngendlela ethile yomshuwalense wangasese noma umqashi osekelwe kumqashi. (I-handful of states inikeza ukuxhaswa okuxhaswe kulabo abangakwazi ukukhokha kanye / noma abavumelekile ku-Medicaid.)
Ngaphambi kokuba uzibophezele kunoma yimuphi umkhiqizo womshuwalense, xhumana nomhlinzeki we-ADAP wombuso wakho ukuze ubone ukuthi ufaneleka yini ukuthola usizo. Ngokusekelwe ezinhlobonhlobo zezinzuzo ozokwazi ukufinyelela kuzo, ungakhetha ukuthi ukuhlinzekwa komshuwalense kufanelekile kunesidingo sakho ngasinye.
Uma, isibonelo, izindleko zemithi yindleko zakho eziphakeme kakhulu futhi awuboni nanoma yisiphi esinye isisetshenziswa esikhulu sempilo yonyaka, ungakwazi ukukhetha umkhiqizo womshuwalense nge-premium ephansi yenyanga kanye nokudonswa okuphezulu nokuphuma ngaphandle kwe- isikhwama esiphezulu. Ngale ndlela, ungadinga kuphela ukukhokha ukuhlolwa kwakho kwegazi kabili kanye nokuvakasha kudokotela, akukho okunye okunye.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma uneminye imibandela ekhona noma ubona phambili izindleko zezokwelapha eziphakeme zonyaka, ungadinga inqubomgomo ehlinzeka nge-deductible ephansi noma ngaphandle kwepokhethi. Kulesi simo, i-ADAP ingakwazi ukukhuphula kakhulu izindleko zokwelapha futhi kungenzeka, kwezinye izimo, inikeze ukufinyelela kwemithi esetshenziselwa ukuphatha izifo ezihambisana ne-HIV.
Okusemqoka yilokhu: sebenze nommeleli wakho we-ADAP futhi umnike imininingwane eminingi kokubili izinzuzo zakho zenqubomgomo kanye nokwelashwa kwamanje kwezidakamizwa. Ngale ndlela, ungenza isinqumo esiphelele esilandelayo esibhekene nesabelomali sakho nesidingo sakho sokunakekela impilo.
4. Thatha Inzuzo Egcwele Yomsizakalo Wezidakamizwa Zomkhiqizi
Uma kuziwa ekunciphiseni izindleko ezingaphandle kwe-HIV yezidakamizwa, sivame ukugxila cishe kuzo zonke izinhlelo zikahulumeni / zombuso futhi ukhohlwe ukuthi usizo luyatholakala kalula cishe wonke umkhiqizi omkhulu wezidakamizwa ze-HIV. Lezi zivame ukuhlinzekwa njengosizo lomshuwalense wokukhokhela ukukhokhelwa noma izinhlelo zokusiza iziguli ezisekelwa ngokugcwele (PAPs).
Usizo lokukhokhela i-HIV (co-pay) luyatholakala kubantu abanikezwe ngokuyimfihlo futhi linikeza imali kusuka noma yikuphi kusuka ku-$ 200 ngenyanga ukuya ekusizeni okungenamkhawulo emva kokukhokha kokuqala kwe-$ 5 (njengezidakamizwa ze-Edurant, Intelence, ne-Prezista).
Inqubo yesicelo ilula, futhi ngokuvamile ayikho imikhawulo esekelwe engenayo. Lokhu kungaba inzuzo enkulu kulabo abathengisa umshuwalense omusha, okubenza bakwazi ukukhetha imikhiqizo engabizi ephansi lapho izindleko zabo zokukhokhela izidakamizwa noma izindleko zezimali eziwela phansi ziwela ngaphansi kwenzuzo enqunyiwe yonyaka / ngenyanga.
Ake sithi, isibonelo, ukuthi usezidakamizwa ze-Triumeq, lapho umkhiqizi enikeza inzuzo yonyaka yokukhokhela ama-$ 6,000 ngonyaka. Uma i-Triumeq ifakwe kwisibopho sezidakamizwa esidinga ukukhokhelwa ngokuhlanganyela, ngokuvamile lokho kunenzuzo ngokwanele ukumboza zonke izindleko zokukhokha.
Kodwa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ungenzenjani uma i-Triumeq iwela ngaphansi kwezingxenye ezidinga amaphesenti angu-20, amaphesenti angu-30, noma amaphesenti angu-50 eqinisekisayo? Uma kunjalo, ungase ukwazi ukuthola inqubomgomo nge-pocket ephansi ephuma ngaphandle. Khona-ke ungasebenzisa usizo lokukhokhela ukukhokhela zonke izindleko zezidakamizwa kuze kube yilapho usufinyelela esiphezulu sakho sonyaka, emva kwalokho zonke izindleko-izidakamizwa, ama-X-rays, ukuvakashelwa odokotela-zihlanganiswe amaphesenti angu-100 ngumshwalense wakho.
Enye indlela yizinhlelo zosizo lwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi (PAPs) . Ama-PAP aklanyelwe ukuhlinzeka ngemithi yamahhala kubantu abangaqinisekisiwe abangafanelekile kwi-Medicaid, Medicare, noma i-ADAP. Ukufaneleka kufanele kuvunyelwe kumuntu noma kumindeni yakhe engenayo yonyaka wangaphambilini yayingamaphesenti angama-500 ngaphansi kwe-FPL (nakuba okungekho okwenziwe ekwenzeni icala ngamacala amaklayenti e-Medicare Part D noma abantu abangagunyaziwe abanakekelwa izindleko zezempilo).
Ama-PAP angasindisa impilo yabantu abahlala emazweni afana neTexas, lapho i-Medicaid ne-ADAP ivinjelwe khona kuphela kubahlali abaphansi kakhulu (okungukuthi, ngamaphesenti angu-200 ngaphansi kwe-FPL). Namuhla, ama-PAP amaningi atholakalayo kulabo abangamaphesenti angama-500 angaphansi kwe-FPL, ngaphandle kwemingcele ehambisana nokwabiwa kwenani.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma ukuguqulwa kokufaneleka kwesimo ngokungazelelwe kungakufanelekeli i-ADAP, ungase ukwazi ukufaneleka ukusiza usizo lwe-PAP ngisho noma ungena ngaphandle kwemingcele enqunyiwe engenayo. Ngokubanzi, ama-PAP alula kakhulu ukubhekana nokufaka isikhalazo uma kuqhathaniswa namahhovisi wombuso, futhi ngokuvamile angakunikela kwezinye izinhlelo ezingezona uhulumeni ezinikeza usizo oluthile lwe-HIV.
Futhi ukucabanga okunye kokugcina
Ngenkathi ukuthengwa kuyisihluthulelo empumelelweni yokwelashwa, ungalokothi uvumele intengo yedwa ukuphoqa ukhetho lwezokwelapha. Ngenkathi ungakwazi ukulondoloza i-dollar embalwa ngokuchazayo okukhethwa kukho iphilisi elilodwa (isibonelo, i-Atripla) yezingxenye zomuthi ngamunye (uSustiva + Truvada), ushintsho olunjalo akumele lwenziwa ngaphandle kokubonisana ngqo nodokotela wakho wokuphatha.
Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi uma unquma ukushintsha emgomeni lapho ingxenye yimuphi umuthi ehlukile kulabo okwamanje okhona. Ukuguqulwa kwemithi yokwelashwa kungakhuphula ingozi yokumelana nezidakamizwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi , okuholela ekuhlulekeni kokuqala kokwelashwa .
Okubalulekile lokhu: kungcono ukuhlola ngokugcwele zonke izindlela zokusizwa ngaphambi kokucubungula noma yikuphi ukuguqulwa kokwelashwa okungahle kungonakalise impilo yakho. Ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi, xhumana ne-Partnership for Assistance Assistance (PPA) engeyona inzuzo, ehlanganisa iziguli ezizosiza ngezinhlelo zokusiza mahhala, noma i-HarborPath, iqembu elingelona inzuzo eliseCharlotte, eNorth Carolina elihambisa izidakamizwa ze-HIV ukuze zikwazi ukufaneleka , abantu abangaqinisekisiwe.
> Imithombo:
> Farnham, P .; I-Gopalappa, iC .; Isihlengo, S ..; et al. "Ukubuyekezwa Kwezindleko Zokuphila Zonke Zokunakekelwa Nezinga Lokuphila Lokulinganiselwa Kubantu Abathintekayo nge-HIV e-United States: Ukuhamba Ngesikhathi Esizayo Nokuthola Ukuhlolwa Kwangaphambili Nokungena Ekunakekelweni." I-Journal ye-Immune Deficiency Deficiency Syndromes. Okthoba 2003; 64: 183-189.
> Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF). "Isilinganiso sama-Single Premium ngabasebenzi ababhalisiwe Ngomshwalense Wezempilo Osekelwe Ezikoleni - 2015." I-Oakland, eCalifornia; kufinyelelwe ngoDisemba 8, 2016.
> KFF. "Amaphesenti Aphakathi Nenyanga Ngomuntu Ngomunye Umakethe." 2013; kufinyelelwe ngoDisemba 8, 2016.