Indlela Umzimba Ozivikela Ngayo Ngesikhathi Sengculaza
Uma into engaphandle efana ne-bacteria noma igciwane ingena emzimbeni, isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela sisebenza ngokwakho ukuvikela umelene nomhlaseli. Uhlelo ngokwayo lwakhiwa amanethiwekhi azinkimbinkimbi amangqamuzana kanye nezimpendulo zamaselula ezisebenza ngokulandelana ukukhomba, ukumaka, nokunciphisa i-agent yokuthelela.
Ezimweni eziningi, umzimba ukwazi ukuzivikela. Kwezinye izimo, isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela singasindiswa futhi singakwazi ukubhekana nalokhu, sidinga ukungenelela kwezokwelapha ukuze ulethe umhlaseli ngaphansi kokulawula.
I-Immune Response Ngesikhathi Sengculaza
Uma i-HIV ingena kuqala emzimbeni, amasosha omzimba athumela ekuvikeleni kwayo kokuqala. Lezi zivikeli zakuqala zihlanganisa amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi okuthiwa i- macrophage (ngokwezwi nelithi "isidlo esikhulu") namaseli e-dendritic ("umunwe"), okuhloswe ukuba agweme futhi abulale amagciwane esakhiweni sokungcola.
Kokubili ama-macrophage nama-dendritic amangqamuzana abhekwa njengengxenye yesistimu yemzimba yokuzivikela, okusho ukuthi bahlale bezungeza ukuhlaselwa okuvamile. Kodwa-ke, uma ukungena kwamagciwane kunomthetheli (ngokwesibonelo, ezimweni zokuchayeka kwegazi noma kwegazi noma ukulala okungavumelekile), lawa maseli ngokuvamile akakwazi ukuqukatha ukutheleleka. Ukuze wenze kanjalo kudinga impendulo yokuvikela omzimba eqondiswe kakhulu.
Lapho umzimba uqaphele ukuba khona kwegciwane, izimpawu ze-biochemical zithunyelwa kuma-cell ezizibophezela kubahlaseli futhi "zinikeza" kwenye iqoqo lamaseli akhethekile okuthiwa ama- T-cells .
Ngokwenza kanjalo, i-subset yama- CD4 T-cell "umsizi" isignali "umbulali" i- CD8 T-cell ukuphindaphinda nokunciphisa amagciwane ahlaselayo.
Umzimba uphinde ukhiqize lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-antibodies , okuhloswe futhi okubulala abahlaseli abathile nakuba ama-cell marker abizwa ngokuthi ama- antigen.
Ziyini i-Antigens and Antibodies?
Ama-antigens awuhlobo lweprotheni oluhlala ezindaweni zonke zamaseli. Zisebenza njengezihlonzi futhi zitshele umzimba ukuthi iseli lingumzimba noma kufanele libhujiswe.
I-cell ngayinye emzimbeni wethu ine-antigen ehlukanisa izinto ezinhle ezintweni ezimbi. Kungenxa yama-antigen ukuthi isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela sikwazi ukukhuphula ukuvikela okuhlosiwe.
Ama-antibodies nawo amaprotheni asebenzisana nama-antigens ukuze aphulukise ama-angaphandle angaphandle. Lapho umzimba uthola i-antigen yangaphandle, ikhiqiza i-antibody ethize ezojoyina i-antigen njengesikhiye nesihluthulelo. Uma isihluthulelo singaphakathi kokukhiya, iseli le-antigen alikwazi ukuzala. Ngokumisa ikhono lomhlaseli ukuba akhiqize, libulawa ngokuphumelelayo futhi ukutheleleka kuyasuswa.
Ngeshwa, ngesikhathi sokutheleleka ngegciwane lesandulela ngculaza, lezi zinselo zomzimba ngokuvamile aziqine ngokwanele ukulwa nokutheleleka, okwenza ukuthi i-HIV ikhululeke futhi yonakalise isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela.
Yeka ukuthi i-HIV iyingozi kanjani ohlelweni lokuzivikela komzimba
Ngemuva kokuqala kwesandulela-ngculazi (ekuqaleni) se-HIV , isimiso somzimba sokuvikela omzimba kaningi sikwazi ukuqukatha ukutheleleka endaweni lapho igciwane lingagcini khona kodwa amazinga aphuma kulokho okuthiwa "iphuzu lokusetha." Umuntu onesandulela ngculazi angakwazi ukugcina kuleli zinga iminyaka eminingi, ngokuvamile enezinkomba ezimbalwa uma kukhona izimpawu.
Kodwa inkinga yukuthi, ngenkathi impendulo yokuqala yegciwane lengculaza inamandla, ihlehliswa yizinto ezimbili:
- Okokuqala, ekuqaleni kokutheleleka, uhlobo lwe-HIV (olubizwa ngokuthi i- provirus ) lungaphuma futhi "lufihle" ezindaweni ezihamba ngamaselula ezibizwa ngokuthi izibhamu ezingavamile , lapho umzimba ongakwazi ukuwabona khona.
- Phakathi naleso sikhathi, i-HIV esebenzayo futhi ehamba ngokukhululekile igwema ukuzivikela komzimba ngokutheleleka ama-CD4 T-cell ahloselwe ukuqala impendulo. Ngokwenza kanjalo, amasosha omzimba ashiywe eyimpumputhe futhi eba ngumncane kakhulu ongakwazi ukuzivikela.
Uma sekutholakala amangqamuzana e-CD4 anele, isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela senziwa "sengozini," asikwazi ukuvimbela abahlaseli noma ukuvimbela ezinye izifo ezithintekayo ukuba zingabamba futhi zibangele ukugula
Lesi yisigaba esibizwa ngokuthi yi- AIDS , esichaza ngokuthi sinesisindo se- CD4 esingaphansi kuka-200 / mL kanye / noma nesifo esichazayo se- AIDS .