I- dermis iyisendlalelo sesibili nesigqamile kunazo zonke izingxenye ezintathu zezinhlamba zesikhumba , eziphakathi kwezicubu ze - epidermis nezangaphansi, ezibizwa nangokuthi i-subcutis ne-hypodermis.
Nakuba sake sibheka isikhumba njengendlela nje yokuvikela ezakhiweni, sifunda ukuthi izingxenye zesikhumba empeleni ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zinemisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile.
Kusuka ku-goosebumps nokupholisa phansi ku-sauna ukuze uvumele ubuchopho bakho ukuthi isandla sakho sisebusheni, ake sifunde kabanzi mayelana nokuthi lolu hlu lwakhiwe kanjani nokuthi lenzani.
Anatomy kanye nesakhiwo
I-dermis inezingxenye ezimbili: ungqimba omncane, ongenhla obizwa ngokuthi i- papillary dermis , nohlaka oluphansi, oluphansi olubizwa ngokuthi i- reticular dermis . Ubukhulu bayo buhluka kuye ngokuthi indawo yesikhumba. Isibonelo, i-dermis emahlombe amajwabu ama-0.6 millimitha ubukhulu; ngemuva, izintende zezandla nezinyawo ezinyaweni zingamamitha amathathu ubukhulu.
I-dermis iqukethe amanzi amaningi omzimba futhi inendima ebalulekile kokubili kokushisa okulawulayo nokuhlinzeka ngegazi ku-epidermis. Izakhiwo ezitholakala kule dermi zihlanganisa:
- Izicubu ezixhunyiwe - Ngokuqondile i-collagen ne-elastin
- Ama-capillaries wegazi (amancane emithanjeni yegazi) nezinye izitsha ezincane
- Izitsha ze-Lymph
- I-gland izithobe
- Izilonda ezinobuthi (ama- othole amafutha) - Owaziwa kakhulu ngokugonywa nokubangela amakhanda amhlophe ama-acne, izigulane ezisabekayo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni umzimba
- Ukuphelelwa kwemizwa
- Izinwele zezinwele - Umzimba uqukethe cishe izinwele zezinwele ezingu-2 million
Ukubunjwa kwezicubu
I-dermis iqukethe izinhlobo ezintathu zezicubu ezikhona kuwo wonke amademoni, hhayi ezingxenyeni:
- I-Collagen
- Izicubu ezithambileyo
- Imicu ebonakalayo
Uhlaka lwama-papillary, ungqimba olungaphezulu lwe-dermis, liqukethe ilungiselelo elincanyana lama-collagen fibers.
Uhlaka olungezansi, oluyingqayizivele luyinkimbinkimbi futhi lwenziwa ngamabhande amancane e-collagen ahlelwe ngokufana naphezu kwesikhumba.
Izindima Ezidlala
I-dermis iyona ngqimba elincane kakhulu lesikhumba futhi ngokusobala libaluleke kakhulu. Idlala izindima eziningana ezibalulekile, kuhlanganise:
- Ukukhiqiza ukujuluka nokulawula ukushisa komzimba. Ngaphakathi kwe-dermis kukhona izigulane ezijulayo ezikhiqiza izithukuthuku ezivela kuma-pores. Umzimba ugijima njengendlela yokuzipholisa, ulawule izinga lokushisa futhi uphefumule ubuthi. Kunezinhlayiya ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-2,5 zomzimba emzimbeni, futhi kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezahlukene: i-apocrine ne-eccrine. Ama-gland ama-sweat sweat atholakale ezingxenyeni ezithandekayo zomzimba, kuhlanganise nezimpondo, isikhumba sesifuba nesifunda somzimba. Izithobezi zithukuthuku, ezisebenza ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, zifaka izinto zazo ezinhlathini ezinwele izinwele. I-sweat efihliwe empeleni ingenasiphelo ekuqaleni; iqala nje ukuhogela lapho ihlangana ne-bacteria yesikhumba. Izithobezi zomzimba zitholakala kulo lonke umzimba: ezintendeni zezandla, izinyawo zezinyawo, izimpondo kanye nekhanda. Lezi zinhlayiya zihambisa izinto zazo ngqo esikhwameni.
- Ukukhiqiza amafutha. Izithobezi ezisabekayo zikhiqiza i- sebum noma i-oli. I-Sebum ivimbela ukukhula kwebhaktheriya esikhumbeni kanye nezimo izinwele nesikhumba. Uma i-follicle lapho izigulane ezisabekayo zitholakala zivaliwe ngamafutha amaningi noma amangqamuzana ekhanda elifile, i-pimple iqala.
- Izinwele ezikhulayo. Izinwele zezinwele zitholakala emdermis. Zonke izimpande ze-follicle zinamathele emisipha emincane, eyaziwa njenge-arrector second muscles, leyo mkontrakthi lapho umzimba ubanda noma ukwesaba, kubangele ubuchopho obukhulu.
- Ukuzwa. I-dermis igcwele ukuphelelwa kwezinzwa ezithumela izibonakaliso ebuchosheni mayelana nokuthi izinto zizwa kanjani: uma kukhona okuzwakalayo, kubuhlungu, noma kubuzwa kuhle.
- Ukusabalalisa igazi. Imikhumbi yegazi ikhona ehlathini, edla isikhumba, isusa amakhemikhali. futhi unikeze i-epidermis ngegazi.
- Ukuvikela wonke umzimba. I-dermis iqukethe ama-phagocyte , angama-cell asebenzisa amakhemikhali angcolile angcolile kanye nokungcola, kubandakanya amabhaktheriya. I-dermis isivele ivikela umzimba, kodwa ama-phagocytes anikeze ungqimba olwengeziwe lokuvikelwa kunoma yini eyingozi engena epidermis.
- Ukunikeza isakhiwo sesikhumba ukuze sibe nesimo salo - Uhlaka lwe-dermal luba nesibopho se-turgor yesikhumba, senza ngendlela efanayo ngendlela isisekelo sesakhiwo.
Ukusebenzisana Ne-Epidermis
Ngokungafani nemibono yasendulo eyayibukeka ukuthi isikhumba siyisivimbela ngaphandle kwezwe, hhayi nje ukuthi i-dermis inemisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa i-dermis ne-epidermis zixhumana njalo futhi zixhumana ngokulawula izinqubo ezibalulekile zomzimba.
Amaseli e-epidermis ashukumisa i-dermis, futhi futhi, (ngezenzo ezinjengezicathulo zamangqamuzana ezithumela ama-cytokines) zithonya inzuzo yamaseli ku-epidermis. Kuyinto ukuxhumana kwalezi zigaba ezimbili, eqinisweni, eziphazanyiswa kakhulu kwezinye izimo ezifana ne- psoriasis .
Inqubo Yokuguga
Uma ucabanga ngesakhiwo nomsebenzi wesikhumba ungase uzibuze ukuthi yini eyenza isikhumba sibe sesikhathini-ukuthi yini ebangela ukugwinya. Kunezinguquko eziningana ezibalulekile esikhumbeni sethu nokuguga kuzo zonke izingxenye ezintathu zesikhumba sethu njengoba sikhula.
Isendlalelo se-dermal siba mncane ngokudala futhi i-collagen encane ikhiqizwa. I-Elastin iphuma-ilula kancane njengoba nje i-waistband ehlanganisiwe e-short pair ingahle ilahlekelwe ukuqina kwayo. Yilokho okuholela ekubhakeni nasekuguleni.
Izithobezi ezisabekayo zikhiqiza i-sebum encane ngenkathi ama-sweat sweat enza isithukuthezi esincane, kokubili okwenzela isikhumba esomile esikhatsini seminyaka.
Indawo engaphansi noma inani lokuxhumana phakathi kwe-dermis ne-epidermis liyancipha. Lokhu kubangela igazi elingaphansi lenziwa litholakale kusuka emdermis kuya epidermis kanye nezakhi ezimbalwa ezenza kuluhlu lwangaphandle lwesikhumba. Lokhu kufakwa kwesifunda esixhuma futhi kwenza isikhumba sibe buthaka kakhulu.
Izicubu
Njengoba nje ukukhula okungavamile ku-epidermis kubangela ukuthi zonke izifo zomdlavuza zesikhumba, ngokuvamile izikhumba zingavela emgqeni wesikhumba. Uhlobo olulodwa lwesifo esiqala e-dermis kuthiwa i- dermatofibroma (noma i-hertiocytoma ene-benign.) Lezi zicubu ezivamile ngokuvamile zenzeka emilenzeni yabesifazane abakhulile. Akukwazi ukuthi yiziphi lezi zinto ezibangela lezi zicubu, kodwa zivame ukulandela uhlobo oluthile lwengozi.
Ukuvikelwa
Njengoba kubalulekile ukuvikela i-epidermis yakho ilangeni eliningi kakhulu, kubalulekile ukuvikela i-dermis yakho. Ukungcola kwelanga kulimaza i-collagen (futhi kubangela ushintsho ku-elastin) okungabangela ukuchofoza ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Imithombo:
Kumar, Vinay, Abul K. Abbas, uJon C. Aster noJames A. Perkins. I-Robbins ne-Cotran Pathologic Basic of Disease. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier / Saunders, 2015. Phrinta.