Amathe emilenze yokwelapha aphethe izimfihlo eziyimfihlo
Naphezu kwalokho abanye abangase bathi, ama-FDA awazange 'avunyelwe' njengezokwelapha. Esikhundleni salokho, ngo-2004, imibhede yatshela inkampani yaseFrance ukuthi ayidingi imvume ye-FDA ukudayisa izilonda zokwelapha njengedivayisi yezokwelapha e-United States. Ngokusho kwe-FDA , amahlaya afana namadivayisi (cishe amahlaya) athengiswa ngaphambi kukaMeyi 28, 1976 - usuku olwenziwe ngalo Amalungiselelo Ezedivayisi Yezokwelapha .
Ngakho-ke, akukho ukuvunyelwa komthetho kwama-leeches okudingekayo.
Ungase uphikelele ukuthi iphuzu engilenzayo yi-"semvume" ye-semantic noma "ayikho imvume" ethengiswa futhi isetshenziselwa ukwelashwa e-United States. Ngokuqinisekile, i-FDA ngeke ikwenze noma yini ukuyeka izinkampani ekuthengiseni izinhlamba; Kodwa-ke, i-FDA ayenzi isahlulelo ngokuphepha noma ukusebenza kwazo - ukuhlukaniswa okubalulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imifino ayinaso isibopho sokubukeza ngokweqile amahlaya njengokwelashwa futhi uqonde ngempela isayensi ye-leech therapy.
Nakuba ama-leeches asetshenziswe njengokwelashwa kwegazi kusukela esikhathini esidala, asazi lutho ngalezi zidalwa ezingapheliyo, ezincane. Ngokuyinhloko, ucwaningo lunqunyelwe inombolo encane yezifundo zenkathi kanye nochungechunge lwama-case ngaphandle kwezingcosana zokuhlolwa okungahleliwe. Noma kunjalo, lokho esikwaziyo mayelana nezinkomba zomzimba ezinobungqabavu bokunakekela: I-leech samali iyigugu le-vasodilatory ne-anticoagulant (i-blood-thinning).
Imithi yezokwelapha ne-Spit Super Spit
Ama-leeches angama-blood-sucking (sanguivorous) ama-worms. Njengemifino yomhlaba, imizimba yabo ihlukanisiwe, futhi la madoda amancane angakwazi ukunweba, inkontileka kanye nokuphazamiseka ngezindlela ezingenakubalwa. I-Hiruda medicinalis yizinhlobo ze-leech ezisetshenziswa kabanzi njengezokwelapha. Kodwa-ke, kusetshenziswe nezinye izinhlobo zezinyosi, kuhlanganise noHirudinaria granulosa eNdiya kanye ne-leech yaseMelika yokudokotela , iMacrobdella decora .
I-leech yi-parasite yangaphandle ekwazi ukuncelisa ubuningi begazi izikhathi eziningana isisindo somzimba esivela kuyo. Ngemuva kokuba ixubene nemfihlo yokugcina egazini egcina igazi lingagcini, amahlaya agcina leli gazi nge-lateral diverticula. Ngakho-ke, igazi elivela ekudleni okulodwa lingasebenza njengendlela yokudla okunomsoco izinyanga ezimbalwa.
Ukuvuma igazi noma uHirudo therapy kwakubhalwe kuqala eGibhithe lasendulo futhi waqhubeka eNtshonalanga kuze kube sekupheleni kweminyaka ye-1800 lapho lo mkhuba ungafuni. Ngokudabukisayo, naphezu kokungafuni eNtshonalanga, umkhuba we-leech phlebotomy waqhubeka ungabikho emthethweni weMithi noma imithi yamaSulumane.
Sekungamashumi eminyaka, i-leech isetshenzisiwe njengethuluzi lokusiza nge-microsurgery kanye nokuhlinzekwa kweplastiki nokuvuselela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ososayensi sebeqalile ukuqonda ama-molecule akwenzayo ama-leech namathe kanye nezicelo zabo ezikhona. Nazi ezinye zezinto eziningi ezimangalisayo zamangqamuzana ezitholakala ku-spell leech:
- Hirudin . Ngo-1950, ososayensi waseJalimane ogama lakhe linguFritz Marquardt wahlukanisa i-molecule eyayiqamba ngokuthi i- hirudin ngokusitheka kwe- Hiruda medinalis . Kuvela ukuthi i-hirudin inezindawo eziningi ezifanayo ze-anticoagulant njenge-heparin enegazi elinegazi ngaphandle kwemiphumela emibi kakhulu. Ngokucacile, i-hirudin ibopha ukuze ixhumane ngokubambisana okuphezulu futhi ayihambisani namagciwane e-patient nge-thrombocytopenia eyenziwe yi-heparin. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-hirudin ingasetshenziselwa abantu abazwelayo ku-heparin noma kulabo abakhombise ukuntuleka kwe-antithrombin III. Kuze kube manje, abacwaningi baye bahlakulela izinhlelo ezihlukahlukene ezivuselelayo zisebenzisa amabhaktheriya, amawashi, nama-eukaryotes ngethemba lokuvuna i-hirudin eyanele yokusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha. Ukusetshenziswa okusemandleni okwenza i-hirudin kunkulu futhi kufaka noma yisiphi isifo nge-thrombotic (clot-forming) ngaphansi kwe- stroke , ukuhlaselwa yinhliziyo , nokucindezeleka okujulile kwe-venous .
- I-Hyaluronidase . I-enzyme hyaluronidase ihlobo lwe-tenderizer elithukululayo (lwenza okungaphezu kokubonakalayo) izicubu ezixhumene nabantu ngokusiza i-leech ukuba ilandele igazi. Ibuye kusize lula ukusiza i-analgesia nokuphumula kobuhlungu. Le-enzyme okwamanje ihlolwa ukuze isetshenziswe ekhemotherapy kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemithi etholakale esikhumbeni.
- UCalin . I-Calin iyi-molecule egcina amaplatelet ne-von Willebrand factor, abaxhumanisi abalulekile bokuvala, kusukela ekubopheleleni ku-collagen. I-Collagen iqinisa futhi iqinisa isikhumba sethu. Ngakho-ke, ikhalenda igcina igazi ligeleza ngokuvimba ukuvimba.
- Destabilase . I-enzyme de stabilize inezokhono zomzimba we-thrombotic noma i-clot-dissolving ne-antibacterial. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi lungaphakamisa izicelo ezihambisana nesisetshenziswa se-streptokinase noma isishukela se-plasminogen esetshenziselwa ukuhlaselwa kwenhliziyo noma ukushaya isifo ngokuqondile.
- Eglin . Le phrotheni encane iyinhibitha ye-thrombin. Ngolunye usuku kungase kube nomthelela ekwelapheni ukuvuvukala kokushaqeka nokumama .
Ukusetshenziswa Kwamanje Kwezilonda Zokwelapha
Ikakhulukazi eYurophu, ukusetshenziswa kwamahlumela njengokwelapha kwezokwelapha kuya ngokuya kwanda kakhulu. Njengamanje, amahlaya namandla awo anticoagulant asetshenziselwa izinhloso ezintathu eziyinhloko.
- Amahlumela asetshenziselwa ukuhlanza izikhumba zesikhumba ezenziwe ngezandla ezisetshenziswa eplastiki, maxillofacial kanye nezinye izinqubo zokuhlinzwa. I-leech ngayinye isetshenziselwa ukukhipha i-flap ehlanganisiwe ye-5 kuya kwe-10 ml yegazi. Ukwelashwa okunjalo kuqhutshwa kuze kube yilapho umbhede womzimba wesiguli ungakwazi ukukhipha igazi elingenayo.
- Ama-leeches asiza ngokudluliselwa kwezicubu ezincane lapho izicubu ezisuka kwenye ingxenye yomzimba wakho zidluliselwa kwenye ingxenye yomzimba wakho.
- Ama-leeches asiza ukugcina izingxenye zomzimba ezihlwanyelwe kusuka ekuthangeni ngokukhulula izigulane ezinamafutha noma ezinamafutha. Izingxenye zomzimba ezinjalo zihlanganisa iminwe, iphuzu lempumlo, izingono, izindlebe, izindebe, ngisho ne-penis (okuyinto ngokungangabazeki eyenzela umfanekiso obabazayo).
Njengoba kubhalwe ephepheni lika-2012 elishicilelwe ku- Wiley Periodicals , abacwaningi baqoqa idatha kusukela ku-277 izifundo zochungechunge lwezichungechunge kusukela ngo-1966 kuya ku-2009 futhi bathengwe kusuka ku-PubMed nakweminye imininingwane yolwazi. Eziguli ezingama-229, amaphesenti angu-50 noma angu-21,8 ahlangene nezinkinga. Cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zalezi zinkinga zazisakazwa. Abantu abathile abathola ukwelashwa kwama-leech nabo babedinga ukumpontshelwa igazi.
Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yocwaningo lwabo, abalobi besifundo seWiley basikisela ukuthi zonke iziguli ezitholwa ukwelashwa kwama-leech zifakwe futhi zihlolwe ukumpompela igazi. Ukwengeza, iziguli ezinjalo kufanele ziqalwe kuma-antibiotic e-prophylactic afana ne-quinolones. Eminye imithombo iphakamisa ukuthi i-cephalosporin yesizukulwane sesithathu efana ne-ciprofloxacin ingase iphumelele kangcono ngokumelene nama-bacteria ahlukile ku-leech.
Ngaphandle kokungabaza, ukuba namahlaya asetshenziselwe ukubhalisa komzimba wakho phezulu kakhulu esikalini "icky". Khumbula ukuthi ukhetha ukuvumela ochwepheshe bezempilo ukuba basebenzise amahlaya ikakhulukazi njengoba kunezinye izindlela zokwelashwa ezikhona.
Kodwa-ke, nakuba ucwaningo olunzulu - okuzoba (isikhathi eside) kanye nokuhlolwa okungahleliwe-okudingeka kwenziwe, lokho esikwaziyo mayelana nezinhlayiya kukhuthaza kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhemikhali ahlukaniswe namathe emakhakheni angabamba isihluthulelo sokwelashwa okungcono kwe-anticoagulant, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, kanye ne-analgesic.
Sibonga ngokukhethekile kuMnuz Gina Wadas omangalisayo, intatheli yezesayensi, kanye nomfundi ohlelweni lwesayensi yezobuchwepheshe be-journalism e-Texas A & M University, ngokuphakamisa lesi sihloko. Siyabonga, Gina!
> Imithombo ekhethiwe
> Divi V et al. Isahluko 78, Ukuvuselelwa Kwemikhakha Emincane. Ku: Lalwani AK. ama-eds. Ukuxilongwa Kwamanje Nokuphathwa Kwe-Otolaryngology - Inhloko Nokukhishwa Kwezinyosi, 3e . ENew York, eNew York: eMcGraw-Hill; 2012. Ukutholakala ngo 12/29/2014.
> I-athikili ebizwa ngokuthi "Ukusebenza Kwezilonda Zokwelapha Ezokwelapha ZasePlastiki Nezokuvuselela: Ukubuyekezwa Okuhlelekile Kwezingu-277 Ezibikiwe Zemitholampilo" ngu-IS Whitaker et al eWiley Periodicals, Inc. ngo-2012. Ukutholakala kusuka ku-PubMed ngo-12/28/2014.
> I-athikili ebizwa ngokuthi "Ukubuka Okuhlelekile Kwemithi Ukubaluleka Kwezinhlanzi Zesihlungu" ngu-SM Abbas More et al eshicilelwe ku- Alternative Medicine Review ngo-2011.