I-arthritis ingaba nomphumela lapho uhlelo lwe-immune luba nzima
Uyini Umzimba Wokuzivikela Emzimbeni?
Amasosha omzimba iyinkimbinkimbi enethiwekhi yama cell, izicubu, nezitho ezisebenza ngokuvumelana nokuvikela umzimba ngokumelene nabahlaseli bangaphandle. Ngokuyinhloko, abahlaseli bangaphandle bangama-microbes angabangela ukutheleleka (amabhaktheriya, ama-parasites, noma isikhunta). Amasosha omzimba asebenza ukuvimbela abahlaseli bangaphandle emzimbeni, noma uma bengena emzimbeni, ukuwathola nokuwachitha.
Uhlelo Lwempi Yomzimba Lusebenza Kanjani?
Isivikeli somzimba sokuzivikela sisebenza njengendlela yokuxhumana eyinkimbinkimbi. Uma umhlasela ongaphandle angene emzimbeni, isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela sisacaciswa. Ngaleso sikhathi, amaseli omzimba omzimba avuliwe futhi aqale ukukhiqiza amakhemikhali anamandla. Amaseli omzimba axhumana ngokuqondile ngokomzimba noma angakwazi ukuxhumana ngokukhulula izithunywa zamakhemikhali.
Isikhumba sisebenza njengesibambiso sokuqala sokuhlasela ama-microbes. Abahlaseli bangakwazi ukungena ngokusebenzisa ukusikeka noma ukuchoboza esikhumbeni, noma kunjalo. Amapheshana okugaya nokuphefumula nawo angaba amaphuzu angena kuwo abahlaseli bangaphandle kodwa nabo banakho izindlela zokuzivikela ngokumelene nabahlaseli (ngokwesibonelo, i-mucus ekhaleni, ukukhwehlela noma ukunciphisa ukugcina abahlaseli bephuma ekhaleni nasemaphaphu, isisu esiswini kubhubhisa abahlaseli emathunjini). Uma ama-microbes angenele kulezi zithiyo zokuqala, kufanele awenze ngokusebenzisa izindonga zokugaya, ukuphefumula, noma ama-urogenital ukuze afinyelele amaseli angaphansi.
Lezi zindatshana zihlanganiswe namaseli e-epithelial ahlanganiswe ohlangothini lwe-mucus ukusiza ukuvimbela ukuthuthwa kwabahlaseli zibe izingqimba ezijulile zeseli.
Izakhiwo ze-mucosal zihlanganisa i-IgA, ngokuvamile uhlobo lokuqala lwe-antibody oluzobhekana ne-microbe ehlaselayo. Ngaphansi kwesendlalelo se-epithelial, amaseli e-immune ahlukahlukene, afaka ama-macrophage, amaseli B, namaseli e-T, lindele abahlaseli abangase bafike ngaphesheya kwemingcele ebusweni.
Uma sekudlulile, abahlaseli kumele basebenze ngaphezu kwezivikelo ezijwayelekile zesimiso sokuvikela amasosha omzimba (ukulandelela ama-phagocytes, amangqamuzana abulalayo wemvelo, nokugcwalisa). Uma abahlaseli benza ukuthi kudlulele ukuzivikela okujwayelekile, bahlangabezana nezikhali ezithile zesistimu ye-immune adaptive, ikakhulukazi ama-antibodies namaseli e-T anemitholampilo ewaqondisa emigomeni yawo.
Iyini Indima Yamasosha Omzimba?
Amasosha omzimba anebutho lamaseli asekulungeni (kubandakanya i-lymphocytes kanye ne-phagocytes). Nakuba amanye amangqamuzana omzimba omzimba ehlasela bonke abahlaseli, abanye baqeqeshwe ukuphendula emathekthini athile kuphela. Wonke amangqamuzana omzimba omzimba atholakala kumaseli angama-stem angasetshenzisiwe emnothweni wethambo. Amaseli amancane, ekuphenduleni ama-cytokines ahlukene namanye amakhemikhali amakhemikhali, athuthuka abe izinhlobo ezithile ze-immune (T cells, amaseli B noma ama-phagocyte).
Amaseli B kanye namaseli e-T yizinhlobo zama-lymphocytes. Amangqamuzana e-B avikela amakhemikhali emzimbeni womzimba. Ama-antibodies attack invaders angaphandle (asebenza njenge-antigens) atholakala ejikeleza emzimbeni wamanzi kodwa ama-antibodies akakwazi ukungena emangqamuzaneni. Amangqamuzana e-T, ngakolunye uhlangothi, anama-receptors akhethekile anjenge-antibody-man on the surface avela izingqimba zama-antigens kumaseli agciwane.
Amangqamuzana e-T angakwazi ukuqondisa nokulawula izimpendulo zamasosha omzimba, noma angahlasela ngokuqondile ngqo amaseli anesifo noma amagciwane.
Ama-Phagocytes amangqamuzana amhlophe amhlophe adla abahlaseli bangaphandle noma izinhlayiya zangaphandle. Ama-monocytes awuhlobo lwe-phagocyte olujikeleza egazini. Lapho ama-monocytes ehamba e-tissue, aphenduka ama-macrophages. Njenge-macrophages, bayakwazi ukuqeda umzimba wamangqamuzana amadala kanye nama-debris. Ama-Macrophages nawo angabonisa izingxube ze-antigen yangaphandle ukuheha izidakamizwa ezifanayo. Babuye bakhiqize izimpawu zamakhemikhali ezibalulekile ekuphenduleni komzimba. Ama-granulocytes, amangqamuzana amancane, amaplatelets, namaseli e-dendritic anezindima ezibalulekile ekuphenduleni komzimba.
Amaseli omzimba omzimba axhumana nomunye ngokukhulula futhi aphendule izithunywa zamakhemikhali, ezaziwa njenge- cytokines . Ama-cytokines, afaka phakathi ama-interleukin, ama-interferon, kanye nezici zokukhula, ama-protein afihlwa ngamasosha omzimba ukuze enze okuthile kwamanye amangqamuzana, okhiqiza izimpendulo zamagciwane kumabutho angaphandle.
Ukungavikeleki Emzimbeni Kufanele Kuvikelwe Impilo Ehle
Ngenkathi sichazile ukuthi ukuphendula kwamagciwane kumvikela kanjani kubahlaseli bezwe kanye nomphumela wokugula, ukubekezelelana nge-immune kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukugula kanye. Ukubekezelelana nge-immune kuchaza ukuthi i-T noma i-lymphocytes ye-B inganaki izicubu zomzimba ngenkathi ifuna abahlaseli bangaphandle. Ukubekezelelana kwangasese kubalulekile ukuvimbela amasosha omzimba ekuhlaseleni amangqamuzana omzimba.
Lapho isimiso somzimba samasosha omzimba sihluleka ukusebenza kahle, umzimba ukhiqiza ama-T namagciwane okulwa nama-antigen ezitokisini zawo kanye nama-tissue, ngamanye amazwi, ngokumelene nawo. Lapho lokhu kwenzeka, amangqamuzana anempilo namathambo awonakele, futhi isifo esizimele singakhula. I-arthritis ye-rheumatoid ne-lupus yizibonelo zezifo ezizimele . Ngaphandle kokuphendula okuzenzakalelayo, isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela singaba nesibopho sokugula, izifo eziyinkimbinkimbi yokuzivikela, kanye nezifo zokuzivikela komzimba.
Imithombo:
Amasosha omzimba. Isikhungo Sikazwelonke Sokunciphisa Umzimba Nezifo Ezibangelwa Izifo. NgoDisemba 19, 2011.
Isisombululo Sama-Molecular and Cellular of Immunity and Immunological Diseases. I-Primer kuma-Rheumatic Diseases. I-Klippel J. Amakhasi 94-97. Ishicilelwe yi-Arthritis Foundation. Umqulu wesithathu.