I-Ultrasound ihilela ukusetshenziswa kwamagagasi omsindo ukuthatha izithombe zomzimba ngaphansi kwesikhumba. Iningi labantu lihlobanisa ukusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha kwe-ultrasound ngendlela yokubona i-fetus engakazalwa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Ngesikhathi i-skull yenza kube nzima ngalawa mazaza omsindo azosetshenziselwa ukuhlola ubuchopho ngokuqondile, kusekhona ukusetshenziswa okuningi kwe-ultrasound ku-neurology.
Indlela i-Ultrasound isebenza ngayo
I-probe ekhishwe ekhanda iphakamisa umsindo omsindo ophezulu. Lokhu kugxuma ezintweni ezisemzimbeni, futhi i-echo yamukelwa yi-probe. Lokhu kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuthatha izithombe zezinkinga ezahlukene zezicubu. Ochwepheshe abaqeqeshwe bangathola imithwalo yegazi namathambo, isibonelo, okungaba nzima ukuthola.
Kodwa-ke, i-ultrasound inenye indlela futhi. Ngenxa yomsindo we-Doppler, lapho ukuvama komsindo kuguquka kuye ngokuthi kwenzeke kangakanani umthombo, umsindo wezwi ungase ube nemvamisa ehlukene ehlobene nejubane lokugeleza kwegazi. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, i-ultrasound ingaba yindlela ewusizo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi igazi ligeleza ngendlela elindelekile emzimbeni.
I-Transcranial Doppler
I-Transcranial Doppler (i-TCD) iyindlela esebenzisa amagagasi omsindo ukukala i-velocity lapho igazi ligeleza khona emithanjeni yobuchopho. Kunezindlela eziningana zokusetshenziswa kwe-transcranial Doppler ku-neurology, kufaka phakathi ukuhlolwa kwe-vasospasm ngemuva kwesimiso segazi , ukufuna ukungena kwegazi ekufeni kokucwaninga , nokuhlola ingozi yokushaywa yisifo se- sickle cell .
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela zokucabanga, i-transcranial Doppler ayithengi futhi iyayiphatheka, okwenza kube lula ukuyisebenzisa kumahhovisi odokotela namawadi esibhedlela.
Nakuba i-skull ivimbela amagagasi omsindo adingekayo ku-TCD, kunezifunda lapho ithambo lincane kakhulu, lapho amaza omsindo angaqondiswa khona. Uchwepheshe onolwazi angathola ukugeleza kwegazi ngokususelwa ekulinganisweni kwe-velocity, nakuba abantu abaningi basebenzisa indlela ehlukile yokucabanga ukuze bathole isitsha segazi esifisa kuqala.
Ngokuvamile, ukuhlolwa akusizi ngalutho futhi akuyona ingavamile.
I-Extracranial Ultrasound
Ubuchopho buyathola igazi layo kusuka emithanjeni emine entanyeni. Imishanguzo emibili ye-vertebral ifinyelela emshini we-basilar ohlinzeka ngegazi ebuchosheni be-brainstem nangemuva kwengqondo, kanti ingxenye enkulu ye-ubuchopho ithola igazi kusuka emithanjeni yangaphakathi ye-carotid ephuma emithambo ye-carotid entanyeni. Uma noma yikuphi kulezi zitho zomzimba kuncishisiwe noma kungonakaliswe ngenye indlela, kungabangela ukushaya ischemic .
Kunezindlela eziningi zokubuka le mithini yegazi, kuhlanganise ne-cerebral angiography, i-MR angiogram (i-MRA) kanye ne-compact tomographic angiography. I-Duplex ultrasound enye indlela esetshenziselwa njalo ukuhlola ukugeleza kwegazi ngalezi zingxube zegazi.
Izinzuzo ze-ultrasound zihlanganisa izindleko eziphansi futhi ukubonakala kalula kwemishini edingekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ultrasound ayidingi ukusetshenziswa kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-agent ehlukile, kanti izinhlobo eziningi ze-angiography zidinga umehluko ukuze uthole isithombe esihle kakhulu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuyilapho i-ultrasound ingahlinzeka ngolwazi oluhle mayelana nemithambo ye-carotid engaphambi kwentamo, ingase inikeze ulwazi olulinganiselwe mayelana nemithambo ye-vertebral ngemuva kwentamo.
Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi imishanguzo ye-vertebral ihamba ngamaconsi athambo okungavimbela amaza omsindo avela ku-probe ye-ultrasound.
I-carotid ultrasound incike kakhulu emakhono ochwepheshe, futhi ukuhumusha kwemiphumela kungahlukahluka kuye ngobuchwepheshe balabo abathintekayo. Uma imiphumela engavamile iyatholakala kwi-ultrasound, cishe umqondo omuhle ukuqinisekisa leyo miphumela ngezinye izindlela zokucabanga ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nokuhlinzeka ngamathambo noma ezinye izinyathelo ezingenayo. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi kusukela i-carotid ultrasound ingahle ihleleke ngokucophelela izinga lokunciphisa umzimba.
I-Echocardiography
I- echocardiogram yi-ultrasound yenhliziyo.
Lokhu kungenziwa ngokubeka ipulasitiki esifubeni, noma ngaphezulu ngokungenakuqhathaniswa ngokuba nesiphakamiso singene kwisiguli sesiguli. Ngenkathi kusakazeka okuningi, lokhu kuholela esithombeni esingcono sezingxenye zenhliziyo ezibeka phambili kude nodonga lwesifuba, kufaka phakathi i-aorta ne-atrium kwesokunxele.
Kungase kubonakale kungavamile ukuxoxa ngesithombe senhliziyo esihlokweni esizinikezele kwi-neurology, kodwa ekugcineni ukwahlukana kwengqondo nenhliziyo kungokwenziwe ngendlela engokoqobo. Ubuchopho buxhomeke enhliziyweni ukuthola ukugeleza kwegazi. Ngemuva kokushaywa yisifo, i-protocol idinga ukuba inhliziyo icabange ukuthi ifune imithombo engaba khona yamakhansela okungenzeka aye ebuchopho ukunamathela emthonjeni futhi ayeke ukunikezwa kwegazi ingxenye yengqondo.
Ekuphetheni, kunezindlela eziningana ukuthi ubuchwepheshe be-ultrasound busetshenziselwa ukuhlola iziguli ezinezifo ze-neurological, ngisho noma eyodwa kuphela yalezo zindlela (i-transcranial doppler) ibheka ngokuqondile ukugeleza kwegazi ebuchosheni ngokwazo. Kanye nokuhlolwa ngokomzimba nezinye izindlela, i-ultrasound ingasiza odokotela ukuba baqonde kangcono ukuthi kwenzekani ngaphansi kwesikhumba sakho nangemva kwe-skull yakho.
Imithombo:
UJohn B Chambers, uMark A de Belder, uDavid Moore. I-Echocardiography ekuhlaselweni kwe-ischemic okuphazamiseka nokuhamba kwesikhathi. Inhliziyo. 1997 Agasti; 78 (Isitha 1): 2-6.
Ukuhlola: I-Transcranial Doppler. Umbiko we-American Academy of Neurology, Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Committee. I-Neurology 40 (4): 680-1. 1990.
I-Sloan MA, i-Alexandrov AV, i-Tegeler CH, et al. Ukuhlola: i-transcranial Doppler ultrasonography: umbiko we-Therapeutics and Technology Assessment I-Subcommittee ye-American Academy of Neurology. I-Neurology 2004; 62: 1468.