I-retrovirus igciwane lawo amagciwane afakwe kwi-RNA esikhundleni se-DNA. Njengamanye amagciwane, ama-retroviruses kudingeka asebenzise imishini yamaselula yezinto eziphilayo ezithinta ukwenza amakhophi ngokwabo. Nokho, ukutheleleka nge-retrovirus kudinga isinyathelo esengeziwe. I-genome ye-retrovirus idinga ukuguqulwa-ibhaliswe ku-DNA ngaphambi kokuthi ikopishwe ngendlela evamile.
I-enzyme eyenza lokhu kubhaliswa emuva kuyaziwa ngokuthi i-reverse transcriptase.
I-Retroviruses isebenzisa i-reverse transcriptase ukuze iguqule i-RNA eyodwa elinezintambo zibe i-DNA kabili elinezintambo. I-DNA egcina i-genome yamangqamuzana omuntu namaseli avela kwezinye izinhlobo zokuphila eziphakeme. Uma usuguqulwe kusuka ku-RNA kuya ku-DNA, i-DNA yegciwane ingahlanganiswa ne-genome yamaseli anegciwane. Lapho izinguqulo ze-DNA zegciwane lesandulela ngculaza zifakwe kwi-genome, iseli ke likhohliswa ekukopheni lezo zakhi zofuzo njengengxenye yenqubo evamile yokuphindaphinda. Ngamanye amazwi, iseli lenza umsebenzi wegciwane kuwo.
I-Retroviruses "i-retro" ngoba iphendulela ukuqondiswa kwenqubo evamile yokukopisha izakhi zofuzo. Ngokujwayelekile, amangqamuzana aguqula i-DNA ibe yi-RNA ukuze ingenziwa amaprotheni. Kodwa nge-retroviruses, inqubo kumele iqale ngokubuyela emuva. Okokuqala, i-RNA yegciwane iguqulwa ibe yi-DNA.
Khona-ke iseli lingakwazi ukukopisha i-DNA. Iseli lingaphinde libhalele i-DNA emuva kwe-RNA njengesinyathelo sokuqala sokwenza amaprotheni wegciwane.
Izibonelo
I-retrovirus eyaziwa kakhulu kunazo zonke ezithinta abantu i- HIV . Kodwa-ke, kunezinye izidakamizwa eziningana zabantu. Lezi zihlanganisa igciwane lesifo se-T-cell lymphotropic 1 (HTLV-1).
I-HTLV-1 ihlotshaniswa namanye ama-leukemas e-T-cell nama-lymphomas. Kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-retroviruses ezitholakale njengezifola ezinye izinhlobo.
Ukwelashwa kwe-HIV kungenye yezizathu abantu abajwayele ukujwayela umqondo wama-retrovirus. I-reverse transcriptase inhibitors yakha amanye amakilasi awaziwa yi-HIV . Ukuguqula i-transcriptase inhibitors kuvimbela i-HIV ukuthi ingahlanganiswa ne-genome yesitoreji. Lokhu, futhi, kugcina iseli lingenzi amakhophi wegciwane futhi linciphise ukuqhubekela phambili kokutheleleka. Kodwa-ke, kunezinkinga ezikhulayo ngokumelene nezidakamizwa eziningi kulezi zigaba.
I-retroviruses nayo isetshenziswa ngezinye izikhathi njengezindlela zokwethula izakhi zofuzo ngesikhathi sokuphathwa kwegciwane. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lezi zigciwane zombili zilula ukuguqula futhi zihlanganiswe kalula kwi-genome ye-host. Lokhu kusho ukuthi, ngombono, zingasetshenziswa ukudala imishini yamaselula ukwenza amaprotheni ngendlela eqhubekayo. Isibonelo, ososayensi basebenzise ama-retroviruses ukusiza amagundane ayisifo sikashukela abenza i-insulin yabo.
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