Izinkinga Eziqhamukayo Eziqhamukayo Ziya KuNselele Abacwaningi
Omunye wemingcele eyinhloko yokwelapha noma ukuthuthukisa umgomo ophumelelayo we-HIV yiyona ndlela ephezulu yokwahlukana kwegciwane ngokwayo. Ngenkathi amagciwane asebenzisa i-DNA ephindwe kabili ukuze aphindaphindiwe azinzile, ama- retrovirus afana ne-HIV abuyela emuva emjikelezweni wabo wokuphindaphinda (usebenzisa i-RNA eyodwa-strain) futhi azinzile kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, igciwane lesandulela ngculaza lijwayele ukuguqulwa kwamagama- okuqhamuka, empeleni, izikhathi eziphindwe izikhathi eziphindwe kwezigidi ngaphezu kwamaseli asebenzisa i-DNA.
Njengoba i-virus 'ukuhlukahluka kofuzo evulekayo kanye nezinhlobo ezihlukene zegciwane lesandulela ngculaza zidluliselwa kusuka komuntu kuya komuntu, izinto ezihlukahlukene ezihlukahlukene zengqondo zingenza ama-hybridi amasha. Nakuba iningi lalezi nzalo zifa, abambalwa abasinda bavame ukuphikisa kakhulu ukwelashwa kwe-HIV futhi, kwezinye izimo, ukukhula ngokushesha kwezifo.
Ngakho-ke, ukuhluka kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi kudala okuthile "okuhloswe ukuhambela" abacwaningi, abanezinkinga ezintsha ezihlangene (ezihlangene zofuzo) ezikwazi ukumelana noma ukugwema ngokuphelele izinsimbi ezingathandeki. Abanye, njengohlobo lwe-A3 / 02 olukhonjiswe abacwaningi baseSweden ngo-2013, bayakwazi ukunciphisa amandla omzimba omzimba ngokucindezela kakhulu kunezinkinga ezaziwa ngaphambili.
Yini i-HIV-1 ne-HIV-2?
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ze-HIV: i-HIV-1 ne-HIV-2. I-HIV-1 ibhekwa njengelungelo elikhulu, elimelela iningi labantu ababhekene nezifo emhlabeni wonke, kuyilapho i-HIV-2 ingavamile kakhulu futhi igxila ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezisentshonalanga nase-Afrika.
Nakuba zombili lezi zinhlobo ze-HIV zingaholela e- AIDS , i-HIV-2 kunzima kakhulu ukudlulisa futhi kubencane kakhulu kune-HIV-1.
Phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ze-HIV kukhona amaqembu amaningana, ama-subtypes ("ama-clades"), nama-subtypes. Ngokungangabazeki, amanye ama-subtypes kanye nama-recombinant strains azotholakala njengoba ukusakazeka kwe-HIV kuqhubeka.
Amaqembu we-HIV-1 nama-Subtypes
I-HIV-1 ihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amane: Iqembu le-M (elisho "okukhulu"); Iqembu O (okusho ukuthi "ngaphandle," noma ngaphesheya lapho amanye amaqembu abonakala khona); neqembu N (okusho ukuthi "okungewona M" futhi "okungewona O"); neqembu le-P (elisho "elinde"). Amaqembu amane ahlukene ahlukaniswa ngamagciwane amane e-simian immunodeficiency (SIV) awaziwa ukuthi adluliselwa kuma-apes noma ama-chimpanze kumuntu.
Iqembu le-HIV-1 M
I-HIV-1 Group M yayiyiqembu lokuqala elaziwa futhi namuhla limelela cishe ngamaphesenti angama-90 e-HIV emhlabeni wonke futhi ingatholakala cishe kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba. Phakathi kwaleli qembu kukhona ama-subtypes angu-10, angahle ahlukaniswe, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukusabalaliswa kwawo kanye nomthelela wazo emaqenjini ahlukahlukene okubeka ingozi .
- I-Subtype A: ibonwe eNtshonalanga Afrika futhi isithinta ikakhulukazi abantu abesilisa nabesifazane kanye nabasebenzisa izidakamizwa ezijova (IDUs).
- I-Subtype B: i-subtype eyinhloko eYurophu, i-America, iJapan, iThailand ne-Australia, emele cishe konke ukutheleleka eNyakatho Melika kanye no-80% wabo bonke eYurophu. Izifo zenzeka ngaphezulu kwamadoda alala nobulili namadoda (MSM) kanye nama-IDU kunama-sex-sexuality.
- I-Subtype C: echazwe njenge-subtype evelele kakhulu ye-HIV emele ama-48% kuzo zonke izifo emhlabeni jikelele, ikakhulukazi ngokobulili obuhlukile futhi ikakhulukazi e-Afrika engaphansi kweSahara, eNdiya nasezingxenyeni zaseChina.
- I-subtype D: ihlukanisa ikakhulukazi eMpumalanga naseCentral Africa.
- I-Subtype E: i-subtype ibonwe kuphela kwifomu ephindaphindiwe ne-subtype A.
- I-Subtype F: phakathi kwamaphesenti amancane okutheleleka abonakala e-Central Africa, eNingizimu Melika naseYurophu.
- I-Subtype G: phakathi kwamaphesenti amancane okutheleleka abonakala ezindaweni ezithile zase-Afrika naseYurophu.
- I-Subtype H: phakathi kwamaphesenti amancane okutheleleka abonakala e-Central Africa.
- I-Subtype J: yabona eNyakatho, Ephakathi naseNtshonalanga Afrika naseCaribbean
- I-Subtype K: inomkhawulo eDemocratic Republic of Congo (DRC) naseCameroon.
Iqembu le-HIV-1 O
Iqembu le-HIV-1 O litholakala ngo-1990 futhi limelela 1% kuphela kwezifo emhlabeni jikelele.
Leli qembu le-HIV lihlukanisiwe eCameroon nakwamanye amazwe aseAfrika.
I-HIV-1 Iqembu N
I-HIV-1 Group N itholakale ngo-1998 futhi, futhi, ibonwe kuphela eCameroon ngamacala angaphansi kuka-20 abhalwe phansi kuze kube manje.
Iqembu le-HIV-1 P
I-HIV-1 Iqembu P iyinhlobo engavamile yegciwane lesandulela ngculazi, okutholwa ngowesifazane wesifazane waseCameroon ngonyaka ka-2009. Ingahlukaniswa nakwezinye iqembu le-HIV njengoba imvelaphi yayo ihlotshaniswe nesimo se-SIV esitholakala kuma-gorilla asentshonalanga. Nakuba i-"P" isigaba senzelwe ukufaka isimo "esilindile" (okungukuthi, silinde ukuqinisekiswa kokutheleleka okwengeziwe), icala lesibili elibhalwe phansi labonakala ngo-2011 kumuntu waseMamerbia.
Amaqembu e-HIV-2
Nakuba amacala e- HIV-2 ekhonjiswe kwenye indawo, ukutheleleka kubonakala ku-Afrika kuphela. Kukhona okwamanje amaqembu ayisishiyagalombili we-HIV-2, yize kuphela ama-subtypes A no-B kuphela okubhekwa njengengculazi. I-HIV-2 ikholakala ukuthi ihamba ngezinhlobo ze-SIV ezithinta ama- mangabeys monkey ngqo kubantu.
I-HIV-2 Iqembu A libonakala ikakhulu eNtshonalanga yeAfrika, nakuba ukuhamba ngamazwe kuye kwaholela ezincane ezimbalwa zamadokhumenti ezilotshiwe e-US, Europe, Brazil naseNdiya. Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-HIV-2 Group B ivinjelwe ezingxenyeni zaseNtshonalanga Afrika.
Imithombo:
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I-Palm A .; Esbjörnsson, J .; Månsson, F .; et al. "Ukuqhubeka okusheshayo kokufa kwe-AIDS kanye ne-AIDS phakathi kwabantu kubangelwa abantu abanegciwane le-HIV-1 A3 / CRF02_AG uma kuqhathaniswa ne-sub-subtype A3." Journal of Infectious Diseases. Mashi 1, 2014; 209 (5): 721-728.
I-Vallari, A .; I-Holzmayer, i-V .; I-Harris, i-B .; et al. "Ukuqinisekiswa kweqembu lesandulela ngculazi-1 eP Cameroon." Journal of Virology. Februwari 2011; 85 (3): 1403-1407.
Abecasis, A .; I-Wensig, A .; I-Paraskevis, D .; et al. "Ukusabalalisa kwe-HIV-1 subtype kanye nezibalo zayo zokuhlaliswa kwabantu ezigulini ezisanda kutholakala eYurophu zisho ukuthi izifo eziwumkhuhlane wezintambo zingasetshenziswa." I- Retrovirology. NgoJanuwari 14, 2013; 10: 7; i-doi: 10.1186 / 1742-4690-10-7.