I-formalmalhyde yinkimbinkimbi engenambala, eqinile okwemikhemikhali engabonakalisa izithombe zezingcingo zezikole eziphakeme esikoleni kanye nezitho zebhodlela, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwayo okusemqoka njenge-agent yokugcoba. Uma kuhlangene emanzini, into ephendukayo i-formalin, ukuhlukahluka kwamakhemikhali e-formaldehyde.
I-Formalin i-agent evame ukutholakala kuma laboratories ezokwelapha emhlabeni wonke, njengoba "ilungisa" amasampula amathishu; lezi zampuli ze-biologic kuthiwa "zihleliwe, i-parafini ihlanganisiwe" lapho i-formalin yenza izixhumanisi ezihamba phambili ezicukwaneni ezigcina isampula, bese i-parafini efakwa izicubu isetshenziselwa ukunikeza ukuqina okunamandla namandla okuvumela isampula ukuba sliced thinly futhi efakwe esilayidi sokubukwa ezincane.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-formaldehyde ne-formalin akukhawulelwanga emithini yemithi, noma kunjalo, futhi i-formaldehyde ivame kakhulu emvelweni kunokuba omunye angacabanga. Uhlu oluncane lwemikhiqizo equkethe noma eyenziwa nge-formaldehyde ilandela:
- Izinto ezithile zokwakha, kuhlanganise nemikhiqizo ekhuni, njenge-particleboard, plywood, kanye ne-fiberboard
- Amanye ama-glues nama-adhesive
- Amatheksthi okucindezela unomphela
- Izingubo zomkhiqizo wephepha
- Izinto ezithile zokusikhipha
- I-fungicides yezimboni, i-germicides, kanye nama-disinfectants
- Ama-preservatives kuma-mortuaries nama-laboratories ezempilo
I-formalmalhyde nayo ivela ngokwemvelo emvelweni. Eqinisweni, ikhiqizwa ngemali encane ngokuphila okuphilayo njengengxenye yesimiso semvelo esijwayelekile.
Kwakuqala Kanjani Ukusetshenziswa?
I-formalmaldede yaqala ukuhweba eJalimane ngawo-1880, kamuva kamuva eBelgium, eFrance nase-United States. Ngokomlando, i-formaldehyde ekuqaleni yayisetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko njengesilondolozi sezokwelapha, noma i-agent yokugcoba.
Namuhla, ukusetshenziswa okunjalo kumelela ngaphansi kwephesenti elilodwa le-pie. Sebenzisa ku-particleboard, eyaqala ngo-1940 eJalimane yayiyinye yezimfuno zokuqala zezimboni zamakhemikhali.
Yini Eyasetshenziswa Namuhla?
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngaphezu kwamathani ayizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-3.6 zemali e-formaldehyde ngonyaka eyenziwa ngabakhiqizi baseYurophu kuphela, ukusetshenziswa kwezimboni ezahlukene ezihlanganisa ukwakhiwa, izimoto, izindiza kanye nokunakekelwa kwezempilo.
Ngo-2012, i-China yikhiqiza elikhulu, elilandelwa yi-US namanye amazwe. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-formaldehyde yomhlaba kwakulinganiselwa ngaphezu kwamathani ayizigidi ezingu-52 ngo-2017.
I-formalmalhyde ine-abrasion enhle kakhulu nezimfanelo zokumelana nokushisa, ngakho-ke isetshenziselwa ekukhiqizeni izingxenye eziningi zezindiza ezibandakanya ukufaka izingxenye zamagesi, ukugobhoza amapayipi, ukufakwa komnyango kanye nefasitela futhi njengesithako ku-lubricant injini. Amanani amancane ase-formaldehyde asekelwe kuma-textile ukusiza amade abekiwe emigqeni futhi avimbele imibala ukuthi ingasebenzi lapho izingubo zihlanza.
Abantu Baboniswa Kanjani Ngokwemvelo?
Ngokusho kwe-American Cancer Society, indlela eyinhloko abantu abaye bayifaka ngayo i-formaldehyde ingukuthi i-inhalation, noma kunjalo kungenzeka ukuthi idalulwe ngesikhumba noma ngokudla ukudla noma ukuphuza utshwala obuqukethe i-formaldehyde. I-formalmalhyde ehlangana nokuthiwa yi-mucosa yokuphefumula, amangqamuzana alala emlonyeni, umphimbo wempumphu kanye nemimoya yomoya, angahle aphulwe yi-enzyme ezinjalo ezingaphansi kwengxenye yesithathu yazo engena egazini.
Kokubili umoya wangaphakathi nangomoya wangaphandle kuqukethe amanani amancane e-formaldehyde evamile. Lezi zimali ngokuvamile zingaphansi kwezingxenye ezingu-0.03 ngezigidi.
Ukuqothulwa kwemoto kuwumthombo omkhulu we-formaldehyde emoyeni wangaphandle, kanti amazinga e-formaldehyde angaphakathi athola iminikelo evela ezintweni ezifana nemikhiqizo ekhuni ekhuni equkethe ama-resin formaldehyde, izitofu zasendlini ezingenayo, nama-heater-heaters. Ukubhema ugwayi nakho kungumthombo we-formaldehyde, futhi okungenani isifundo esisodwa sithole amazinga aphezulu e-formaldehyde aphethwe i-DNA emaqenjini amhlophe egazi ababhemayo uma kuqhathaniswa nabangaboni.
I-Formaldehyde ingawuthinta kanjani impilo jikelele?
Abantu abaye bavezwa nge-inhalation kuya emazingeni atholakala ku-0.0 kuya ku-0.5 ppm kuye kwabikwa ukuthi banesisindo somzimba nesisindo, imiphumela yezinzwa, kanye nengozi ephezulu yokuphefumula ngesifo sofuba kanye / noma ukungezwani komzimba.
I-Eczema kanye nezinguquko kumsebenzi wamaphaphu kuye kwaphawulwa emazingeni aphakathi kuka-0.6 kuya ku-1.9 ppm. Ukuncipha kwesisindo somzimba, izilonda zamathunjini, ukulimala kwesibindi kanye nezinso kubonakala ezilwaneni ngokwemlomo ezivezwe ngama-50-100 milligram / kilogram / ngosuku (formal /hyde) mg / kg / ngosuku.
Ingabe I-Formaldehyde Ingabangela Umdlavuza?
Ngeshwa, impendulo yalo mbuzo ibonakala ibe "yebo" okwamanje. Okusho ukuthi, amaqembu ahlukahlukene ayaqaphela ukuthi kungase kube khona ingozi yokuthuthukiswa komdlavuza ngenxa yokuchayeka kwe-formaldehyde, kodwa ubukhulu noma ubukhulu balo mngcipheko awucacile. UMnyango WezeMpilo kanye Nezinsizakalo Zabantu (HHS) unqume ngo-2011 ukuthi i-formaldehyde iyinhlangano eyaziwa yi- carcinogen esekelwe kwizifundo zabantu zokuzilimaza.
Ingabe i-Formaldehyde Exposure ixhunywe ne-Leukemia namanye ama-Cancers egazi?
Ngenkathi i-caveat efanayo ibonakala isebenza ikakhulukazi emangqamuzaneni egazi- ukuthi ingozi yomdlavuza eqondile evela ekudaleni i-formaldehyde ayingaziwa- i- leukemia , futhi ikakhulukazi isigaba se-leukemia eyaziwa ngokuthi i- myeloid leukemia , ikhankanywe ngaphezu kwezinhlangano ezimbalwa ngokuhambisana nokuvezwa kwe-formaldehyde . Nansi isitatimende esifingqiwe mayelana nobungozi obuvela e-formaldehyde kusukela e-American Cancer Society:
Ukuvezwa kwe-formaldehyde kuye kwaboniswa kubangelwa umdlavuza ekuhloleni kwezilwane zokuhlola. Ukuvezwa ngokwezinga eliphakeme kakhulu le-formaldehyde kwizilungiselelo zezokwelapha nezokusebenzela kuye kwaxhunyaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza kubantu, kodwa umphumela wokuvezwa kwemali encane ayicacile kangako.
I-ACS iphinde ibike ukuthi izifundo eziningana zithole ukuthi abathumbi nabachwepheshe bezokwelapha abasebenzisa i-formaldehyde banomngcipheko wokwelapha i-leukemia, ikakhulukazi i-leememia leukemia: "Ezinye izifundo zabasebenzi basezimbonini ezivezwe ku-formaldehyde nazo zithole izingozi ezinkulu ze-leukemia, kodwa hhayi zonke izifundo baye babonisa ingozi eyengeziwe. "
Abacwaningi be-National Cancer Institute baye baphetha ngokuthi, ngokusekelwe kwedatha evela ekufundweni kwabantu nasebusweni lobucwaningo, ukuvezwa kwe-formaldehyde kungabangela i-leukemia, ikakhulukazi i-leememia leukemia, kubantu.
I-EPA yase-US ithi: "I-formalmalhyde ingabangela ukucasuka kwesikhumba, amehlo, impumu, nomphimbo. Amazinga aphezulu okuvezwa angabangela izinhlobo ezithile zegciwane. "I-ejensi inikeza amazinga athize kanye nezilinganiso maqondana namazinga e-formaldehyde nengozi:
- I-EPA yase-US inqume ukuthi ukuvezwa kwe-formaldehyde emanzini okuphuza ku-10 milligrams / litre (mg / L) okuyizinkulungwane eziyishumi (1/5 mg / L) ngezinsuku ezingu-10 akulindelekile ukuthi kubangele noma yikuphi ukulimala ezinganeni.
- I-EPA iphinde inqume ukuthi ukuchayeka kwansuku zonke ku-1 mg / L kwe-formaldehyde emanzini okuphuza akulindelekile ukuthi kubangele noma yimiphi imiphumela embi yempilo.
Amanye ama-ejenti abuye abuyele ekuhlaselweni kwe-formaldehyde:
- I-Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) inciphise ukuvezwa kwabasebenzi okungenani 0.75 ppm ngosuku lokusebenza lwehora lesishiyagalombili, umsebenzi wamahora angu-40.
- Umnyango wezeZindlu nezeZindlu zase-United States (HUD) ubeke izindinganiso zokukhishwa kwe-formaldehyde ezindlini ezakhiwe ezingaphansi kuka-0.2 ppm for plywood kanye 0.3 ppm for izinhlayiyana. Izindinganiso ze-HUD zenzelwe ukuhlinzeka ngezinga elingaphansi lomoya elingu-0.4 ppm noma ngaphansi kwezindlu ezakhiwe.
Izifundo Zama Ukuziphatha Okuthinta Amaseli Egazi
Uma ngempela kunjalo ukuthi i-formaldehyde ifaka engozini ye-leukemia, khona-ke cishe kungenzeka ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka kanjani ososayensi abangayibona. Leli yilokho okwaholela ekutadisheni okushicilelwe enkampanini kaMeyi 2017 Yokubuyekeza Okubalulekile ku-Toxicology ehlolisisa umphumela wokuvezwa kwe-formaldehyde empilweni yabasebenzi abasebenzisa i-formaldehyde kwelinye lamafektri amabili asebenzisa noma enza ama-resin formaldehyde-melamine eChina.
Ucwaningo lwangaphambili luthole ukuthi ukuchayeka okunjalo kubangela ukulimala emafenjini okwenza igazi emangeni lomthambo. Esifundweni samanje, abaphenyi bazama ukusungula ukuthi kukhona ukushintsha kwamaselula amangqamuzana egazi elimhlophe ngokuphendula ukuvezwa kwe-formaldehyde. Abakwazanga ukukhombisa umehluko esitokisini segazi elimhlophe, i-granulocyte, i-platelet, nokubalwa kwamaseli obomvu okwethembela kumazinga wokudalwa kwe-formaldehyde. Phakathi kwabasebenzi abahlelwe yi-formaldehyde, akukho ukuhlangana okwakubhekwa phakathi kokulinganisa okulinganiselwe kwama-formaldehyde okulinganiselwe kanye nokuvama kwenani elingavamile lama-chromosomes kumaseli. Lolu cwaningo aluzange lubonise ukuthi i-formaldehyde iphephile, kodwa kunalokho ukuthi noma yimiphi imiphumela eyingozi ye-formaldehyde ayibonakali ibangelwa ukuguqulwa kwenombolo ye-chromosome, okungenani hhayi kumanani ahlolwe.
Izwi elivela
Ngesikhathi ososayensi beqhubeka bezama ukuqonda izingozi ezihilelekile ekuvezeni i-formaldehyde, kunezinye izinto ongayenza ekhaya ukuze uzame ukunciphisa ukuvezwa kwakho. I-EPA isincoma ukusebenzisa imikhiqizo ekhonjiwe ebangeni eliphambili ngisho nasendlini. Ngokusobala, le mikhiqizo iveza kancane i-formaldehyde ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali amathinti asetshenziswayo.
Ungabuye ubuze mayelana nokuqukethwe kwe-formaldehyde ngesikhathi sokuthenga-lapho uthenga imikhiqizo ekhuni ehlanganisa izinto zokwakha, i-cabinetry, nefenisha, njll.
Amazinga e-formaldehyde asekhaya angancishiswa ngokungavumeli ukubhema ngaphakathi. Ufuna nokuqinisekisa ukuphumula okuhle. Futhi into okufanele ucabange ngayo lapho ukulungiswa kahle kwe-thermostat yakho yilapho izinga lokushisa elilinganiselwe kanye namazinga okunciphisa umswakama akhuthazwa. Abanye abantu balondoloza imali ngokungaqandisisi indlu lapho behamba, kepha awufuni ukuvumela amazinga okushisa asekhaya ukuba abe ngokweqile kakhulu.
> Imithombo:
> I-American Cancer Society. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/formaldehyde.html
> Mundt KA, Gallagher AE, Dell LD, et al. Ingabe ukutholakala komsebenzi e-formaldehyde kubangele ukuthi i-hematotoxicity ne-leukemia-i-chromosome ethize ishintshe kumaseli ase-proyelogen asetshenziselwe ukukhula? Crit Rev Toxicol . 2017 Meyi 2: 1-11.
> ToxFAQs TM ye-Formaldehyde. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tfacts111.pdf