Ukubukeka kwezigaba ezihlukahlukene zezidakamizwa ezinjengama-antibiotics, ama-NSAID, nama-Statins
Isigaba samachiza noma imithi yokwelashwa yiqembu lemithi engasebenza ngendlela efanayo, ibe nesakhiwo esifanayo samakhemikhali, noma isetshenziselwa ukuphatha isimo esifanayo sempilo. Ngaphakathi kweklasi lezidakamizwa, umhlinzeki wakho wezempilo uyafuna imithi ethize engaphatha kahle isimo sakho. Amakilasi ayizinhlobo ezijwayelekile futhi imithi ingabonakala eklasini elingaphezu kweyodwa yezidakamizwa uma inezimo ezihlukahlukene noma isetshenziswa ngezimo ezihlukene.
Nazi izibonelo zamakilasi amaningana ezidakamizwa ezivamile.
Ama-antibiotics
Ama-antibiotics ayisigaba semithi esetshenziselwa ukuphatha izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane. Amanye ama-antibiotic anikezwa njalo ayenayo i-amoxicillin ne-Zithromax (i-azithromycin). Ama-antibiotic angatholakala kumakhemikhali okwenzeka ngokwemvelo evimbela ukukhula kwebhaktheriya. Zingahle zidalwe ngokwezifiso. Kunezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zama-antibiotic kuhlanganise okulandelayo:
- I-Beta-lactam, njenge-penicillin, i-cephalosporins, ne-carbapenems, evimbela ukufakwa kwesikrini kweselula
- Izidakamizwa eziphazamisa amaprotheni synthesis, njenge-macrolides, i-tetracyclines, i-linezolid, ne-lincosamides
- Izidakamizwa eziphazamisa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-folate, njenge-trimethoprim ne-sulfonamides
- Izidakamizwa eziphazamisa ama-bacterium nucleic acid synthesis, njenge-quinolones ne-rifampin
Ngokuvamile, ama-antibiotic angaba yi-bacteriostatic noma i-bacteriocidal. Ama-antibiotics e-Bacteriostatic aqeda ukuhlukaniswa kweselula nokukhula kwamaseli.
Ama-antibiotic e-bactericidal abulala ngqo amabhaktheriya. Isibonelo, i-rifampin ingumuthi we-bacteriocidal kanti ama-antibiotic aphazamisa amaprotheni synthesis angaba yi-bacteriocidal noma i-bacteriostatic.
Ama-antidepressants
Ama-anti-depressants yilasilasi lemithi elalisebenzisa ukuphatha izimpawu zokucindezeleka. Amanye ama-antidepressants anikezwa njalo yiLexapro (escitalopram) noZoloft (sertraline).
Kucatshangwa ukuthi kusebenza ngokushintsha indlela amakhemikhali ebuchosheni obubizwa ngokuthi ama-neurotransmitter alawula isimo sengqondo. Zibuye zihlelwe ukuthi yiziphi i-neurotransmitter eziyithinta nokuthi zenzani kanjalo.
- I-serotonin reuptake inhibitors ekhethiwe (SSRIs): Ihlanganisa i-Prozac (i-fluoxetine). Lezi zidakamizwa zisiza ukuphakamisa isignali ye-serotonin.
- I-Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (i-SNRIs): Ihlanganisa Effexor (venlafaxine). Lezi zidakamizwa zisiza ukuphakamisa isignali ye-norepinephrin.
- I-Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs): Ihlanganisa u-Elavil (amitriptyline): Lezi zidakamizwa zithuthukisa ukusayina kokubili i-serotonin ne-norepinephrin kodwa futhi kuthinta ezinye izithunywa zamakhemikhali, okuholela emiphumeleni emibi.
- I-Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs): Ifaka i-Nardil (phenelzine). Lezi zidakamizwa zigcina umzimba ungaphuli izinkinga ze-neurotransmitters.
Izidakamizwa ezingavumelani nezidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni (ama-NSAID)
Izidakamizwa eziphikisana nezidakamizwa ziyisigaba sezidakamizwa ezinamakhemikhali okulwa nokuvuvukala , a-analgesic, ne-antipyretic (anti-fever). Zonke i-NSAID zisebenza ngokuvimbela i-cyclooxygenase ye-enzyme futhi zivame ukutholakala ekufomeni kwe-over-the-counter. Izibonelo zama-NSAID zifaka ibuprofen ne-aspirin. Yize ama-NSAID ayingxenye enkulu ephephile ukuthatha, anemiphumela emibi.
Isibonelo, i-aspirin ivame ukubangela ukukhushulwa kwamathumbu futhi kungabangela ukuphuma kwamanzi kwezinye.
Ama-opioids
I-opioids yilasilasi lemithi ephuma e-opium engokwemvelo. I-opium ivunwa kusukela ku- Poppy Papaver somniferum . Ngokuvamile, i-morphine isetshenziswe kabanzi emithi. Ezinye izibonelo ze-opioids zifaka i-codeine, i-heroin, ne-hydrocodone. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ama-opioid enziwe ngokuphelele, afaka i-meperidine, i-fentanyl, i-methadone, ne-butorphanol. Ama-opioids avame ukuxubana ne-aspirin noma i-acetaminophen yokuphumula okungcono kakhulu (cabanga ngo-Vicodin noma u-Norco).
I-opioids isebenza ngokuvimbela ukukhululwa kwe-neurotransmitter ngaleyo ndlela kuholela ekusizeni ubuhlungu.
I-opioids nayo iveza ukutholisa noma ukuphumula. Ukuhlukunyezwa kwe-opioid nokuxhomeka kuye kube yinkinga eqhubekayo, nabantu abaningi bengasebenzisa kabi izinguqulo zomgwaqo ze-opioids yezidakamizwa nezidakamizwa. I-opioid toxicity ingabulala ngokucindezeleka kokuphefumula.
Izitatimende
Izitatimende ziyisigaba semithi evimbela ukukhiqizwa kwe-cholesterol esibindi futhi isetshenziselwa ukuphatha abantu abane-cholesterol ephezulu. Ezinye izakhi ezisetshenziswa njalo ziyi-Lipitor (atorvastatin) neZocor (simvastatin).
Imithombo
I-Albertson TE. Isahluko 119. Ama-opiates nama-opioids. Ku: Olson KR. ama-eds. Ukushisa nokudlulela kwezidakamizwa, 6e . ENew York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2012.
Gasbarre CC, Schmitt SK, Tomecki KJ. Isahluko 230. Ama-Antibiotics. Ku: Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest BA, Paller AS, Leffell DJ, Wolff K. Eds. Dermatology ka-Fitzpatrick ku-General Medicine, 8e . ENew York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2012.