I-Musculoskeletal yigama elivamile elibizwa ngokuthi igama layo, lihlobene nemisipha namasipha omzimba. Ngokuqondile, uhlelo lwe-musculoskelet luhlanganisa amathambo, imisipha, amalunga, i-cartilage, i-ligaments, i-tendon, ne-bursae. Isistimu ye-musculoskeletal inikeza ukuzinza futhi ivumela nokuhamba komzimba.
I-Anatomy yeSistimu Ye-Musculoskeletal
Amathoni - Kunamathambo angu-206 emzimbeni womuntu omdala.
Ukwakhiwa kwethambo kunesici esilukhuni esenziwe ngamaprotheni (ikakhulukazi i-collagen) ne-hydroxyapatite (ikakhulukazi i-calcium namanye amaminerali). Ingxenye yangaphakathi yethambo, ebizwa ngokuthi i-trabecular bone, ilula ngaphezu kwe-bone cortic yangaphandle, kodwa kusadingeka ukuze kugcinwe amandla amathambo. Ngenkathi isakhiwo sayo wonke amathambo sifana, amathambo enza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene emzimbeni:
- Amathoni ahlinzeka ukwesekwa kwesakhiwo somzimba (okungukuthi, uhlaka lwamathambo okunamathiselwe kwezitho kanye nezicubu) nokuvikela izitho ezithile (isb., Isibambo sezintambo sivikela inhliziyo).
- Amathoni agcina iningi le-calcium emzimbeni.
- Amangqamu anomgudu ongaphakathi oqukethe umnkantsha wamathambo lapho amangqamuzana egazi abomvu, amangqamuzana egazi amhlophe kanye nezinye izingxenye zegazi zikhiqizwa.
Amathoni enza inqubo eyaziwa njengekulungiswa. Ukulungiswa kwamathambo kuyindlela eqhubekayo lapho ithambo elidala lithathelwa khona kancane kancane ithambo elisha. Wonke amathambo ashintshwe ngokuphelele esikhathini esiyiminyaka engaba ngu-10.
Unyaka ngamunye, i-20% yethambo lomzimba ithatha indawo.
Imisipha - Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zemisipha eziyingxenye yesistimu ye-musculoskeletal - i-squelette nebushelelezi. Uhlobo lwesithathu lwesisu, inhliziyo, aluyona ingxenye yesistimu ye-musculoskeletal. Imisipha ye-squelette iyinqwaba yezinhlamvu ezizibophezelayo. Isenzo sokuthola imisipha yilokho okuhambisa izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zomzimba.
Imisipha yemisipha inamathele emathanjeni futhi ahlelwe emaqenjini aphikisayo azungeze amalunga (isib., Imisipha eguqa i-elbow ibhekene nemisipha ephikisanayo eqondisa umlenze). Imisipha yemisipha ilawulwa yibuchopho futhi isebenza ngokuzithandela ngaphansi kwesiqondiso somuntu esiqondayo. Imisipha emihle idlala indima emisebenzini ethile yomzimba engekho ngaphansi kokulawula komuntu. Imisipha enomsindo ikhona eduze kweminye imithwalo yegazi, inkontileka ukulungisa ukugeleza kwegazi. Imisipha enomzimba iphinde isungeze amathumbu, inkontileka yokuhambisa ukudla kanye namanzi emaphethelweni. Ngenkathi ubuhlungu obushelele buqondiswa ubuchopho, akusiyo ngokuzithandela. Ukubandakanyeka kwemisipha ebushelelezi kusekelwe ezimweni zomzimba - hhayi ukulawula ukuqonda.
Amajoyina - Amalunga lapho ukuphela kwamathambo amabili noma ngaphezulu ahlangana ndawonye. Ngenkathi kunamalungu angagudluki (isib., Phakathi kwamacwecwe e-skull), amalunga amaningi angakwazi ukuhambisa ukunyakaza. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamajoyina ezenza ukunyakaza: i-cartilaginous ne-synovial. Ama-synovial amalungu afana nabantu abaningi. Amajoyina abantu abasebenzisa i-synovial afika ezinhlobonhlobo eziningana: ibhola-ne-socket, i-condyloid, i-gliding, i-hinge, i-pivot, kanye namajoyini e-saddle.
Ukuphela kwamathambo kulolu hlobo lokuhlanganiswa kuhlanganiswe ne-cartilage. Amalungu afakwe ngaphakathi kwe-capsule ehlangene ene-lining ( synovium ). Amaseli e-synovium akhiqiza uketshezi lwe-synovial olondla u-cartilage futhi kusiza ukunciphisa ukungqubuzana ngesikhathi sokunyakaza.
I-cartilage - Ukuphela kwethambo okwenza ihlangene kuhlanganiswe ne- cartilage . I-cartilage evamile iyabushelela, inzima, futhi ivikelekile ekupheleni kwethambo. I-cartilage ikhiwa i-collagen, amanzi, nama-proteoglycans. I-cartilage iyinkimbinkimbi yokumangalisa futhi inciphisa ukungqubuzana nokuhamba komunye.
Amagciwane - Amagamente ayinzima, izintambo ezinezintambo noma amaqoqo ezicubu ezihlanganisa amathambo nasetheni.
Amagamente akhiwa ama-collagen nezintambo ezigxilile. Izindwangu ezithintekayo zivumela izigxobo ukuba zitheke kancane. Amagundane azungeze futhi asekele amalunga, avumela ukuhamba ngezinkomba ezithile.
I-Tendons - I-Tendons yizinhlobonhlobo ezinzima, ezinamafutha ezicubu ezihlanganisa imisipha nasetheni. Ama-tendons ayenziwe ngokuyinhloko nge-collagen. Ama-tendon avame ukutholakala ngaphakathi komgogodla (okungukuthi, i-tendon sheath) evumela ama-tendon ukuba athuthe ukungaboni ngaso linye. Umgogodla wezintambo unezigaba ezimbili: umgogodla we-synovial kanye ne-fibonous tendon sheath.
I-Bursae - I-Bursae yizikhwama ezincane, ezigcwele amanzi osebenza ngamanzi ezihamba njengendawo yokugubha kanye ne-low-friction surface phakathi kwezingxenye zomzimba ezihambayo ezinjenge-bone, imisipha, ama-tendon, nesikhumba. Ama-bursae atholakala kuwo wonke umzimba. I-Bursae ihluka ngobukhulu kuye ngokuthi indawo yayo emzimbeni. Kukhona cishe ama-bursae angu-160 atholakele kuwo wonke umzimba.
Izifo ze-musculoskeletal
Izifo ze-musculoskeletal zihlanganisa i- arthritis , i- bursitis , ne- tendinitis , phakathi kwabanye. Izimpawu ezisemqoka zesifo samasculoskeletal zihlanganisa ubuhlungu, ukuqina, ukuvuvukala, uhla olulinganiselwe lokunyakaza, ubuthakathaka, ukukhathala, nokusebenza komzimba. I- rheumatologist isazi se-arthritis nezifo ze-rheumatic. Odokotela bama-Orthopedic nabo baphatha izimo ze-musculoskeal.
Imithombo:
Ama-Merck Manuals. Amathoni. I-Alexandra Villa-Forte, MD.
http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/bone-joint-and-muscle-disorders/biology-of-the-musculoskeletal-system/bones
Ama-Merck Manuals. Imisipha. I-Alexandra Villa-Forte, MD.
http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/bone-joint-and-muscle-disorders/biology-of-the-musculoskeletal-system/muscles
Ama-Merck Manuals. Amagagasi. I-Alexandra Villa-Forte, MD.
http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/bone-joint-and-muscle-disorders/biology-of-the-musculoskeletal-system/ligaments
I-Kelley's Bookbook of Rheumatology. Umagazini wesishiyagalolunye. Elsevier.