E-United States, ama-ambulensi anabasebenzi abaphuthumayo, ochwepheshe bezokwelapha eziphuthumayo ( EMT s ), noma ukuhlanganiswa kokubili. Akuwona wonke ama-ambulensi asabela kuzingcingo eziphuthumayo ezingu-911 futhi ezimweni eziningi, ama-ambulensi angekho esiphuthumayo anama-EMT amabili futhi awasekho izimo eziphuthumayo.
I-EMTs kanye nezimo eziphuthumayo yizingxenye ezimbili ezihlukile zomhlinzeki wezempilo ofanayo.
I-EMTs ifunde isisekelo samathuluzi namakhono okuqeqeshwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo azokwakha kamuva. Kodwa ungavumeli lokho kuqhubekela phambili kukukhohlise. Amakhono e-EMT abaluleke kakhulu njengalabo abahlinzeka ngezifo eziphuthumayo. Ngempela, i-paramedic ephumelelayo yilapho engalokothi ikhohlwe ukwenza izinto eziyisisekelo.
Ukusekelwa kokuSisekelo koMpilo
Ochwepheshe bezokwelapha eziphuthumayo baqeqeshwe ukuhlinzeka ngokusekelwa kokuphila okuyisisekelo. Yisikhathi esilusizi ngoba eziyisisekelo akunikezi ngempela amakhono okulondoloza impilo ama-EMTs okumelwe awenze. Ngokuvamile, ekunakekelweni kwezempilo okuphuthumayo, ukuqeqesha okuyisisekelo kubaluleke kakhulu ekusindiseni izimpilo. I-CPR, njengesibonelo, yinkambo eyisisekelo kunazo zonke yezokwelapha noma ubani ongayithatha, kodwa ngokusobala ikhono elibaluleke kakhulu kunoma yimuphi umhlinzeki wezempilo.
Ukwesekwa kokuphila okuyisisekelo yizinga eliyinhloko kuwo wonke ama-ambulensi e-US Uma i-ambulensi isithutha isiguli, kukhona isikhonzi ngemuva kwe-ambulensi nesiguli esinikeza ukusekelwa okuyisisekelo noma okuphambili.
Okuwukuphela kwalomthetho kulolu hlobo olungavamile lwezokuthutha okukhathazayo (CCT) noma amaqembu okuthutha okukhethekile okuthutha (SCT). Amaphesenti angaphansi kweyodwa kuwo wonke ama-ambulensi emgwaqweni asebenzisa amaqembu akhethekile ukunakekela iziguli ezihamba kusukela kwesinye isikhungo sezempilo. Lawa maqembu angaba nabahlengikazi, odokotela, abahlinzayo bokuphefumula, noma izinhlanganisela zazo zonke kanye nama-EMTs noma izimo eziphuthumayo.
Umehluko phakathi kokusekela okuyisisekelo nokuphila okuphambili (ALS) kuguquka njalo, ngakho kunzima kakhulu ukuchaza ngokugcwele i-BLS. Umthetho owodwa wesithupha ungukuthi uma inqubo ihilela izinaliti noma uma ithubhu idlula emphinjeni, akusiyo ukwesekwa kokuphila okuyisisekelo. Kukhona amanye amathuluzi okuhlola aphakeme abuye avela kumkhakha we-BLS wokusebenza, njenge-electrocardiograms (ECGs).
Yiziphi i-EMTs Funda
Ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuthi yikuphi ukwesekwa kokuphila okuyisisekelo (BLS), ake sibheke ukubuka kabanzi kwamakhono i-EMT efunda:
- Ukuhlolwa kwesineke : I-EMT kumele ifunde ukuhlola iziguli nokubona izibonakaliso nezimpawu zokugula ezongela impilo. I-EMTs ifunda ukuthola umlando futhi ihlolwe ngokomzimba. Lokhu kuba isisekelo kokubili kokuhlolwa kwe-EMT kanye nokuhlola kwezelampilo kulabo abakwa-EMTs abaqhubeka baba izimo eziphuthumayo.
- Ukuphathwa kwe-Airway : Enye yezinhlelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokugcina impilo yindlela yokuphefumula . I-EMTs ifunda ukugcina umoya wesiguli usebenzisa izindlela zokuhambisa umoya (amathuluzi akusiza ukugcina ulimi luphuma endleleni yokuvula, lapho umoya ungena khona) kanye nokusondeza ukususa izimfihlo nezinto ezivela emlonyeni. Bafunda nokuphatha ukuphefumula okuphuza ukusebenzisa imithi ye-oksijeni kanye nama-aerosolized ngezinye izikhathi. Ukusetshenziswa kwemithi efana ne-albuterol kuncike kumbuso noma kumasipala lapho i-EMT isebenza khona.
- Ukuphambuka : Isitifiketi se-EMT sidalwe iminyaka ngaphambi kokuba kuthuthukiswe izimo eziphuthumayo. Ukugqugquzela ukudala ama-EMTs kwavela ekutheni ukushayisana kwezimoto ezinzima phakathi nezinsuku ze-halcyon zezimoto ezinama-muscle ngawo-1960. Ukuhlukumezeka okuvela ekushayweni kwemoto kusize ukuthuthukisa ukuqeqeshwa ngalokho okwakumane nje kubashayeli be-ambulensi. Ukuhlukumezeka kwezingcingo kwakuyingxenye enkulu yekharikhulamu.
- Ukubamba iqhaza : Kuhambisana nokuhlukana okukhazimulayo kufika amaqabunga avulekile . Izindlela ezifanayo zokulimala eziphula amathambo nazo ziqabula isikhumba nesifuba esivulekile. I-EMTs idinga ukwazi ukuphatha kahle kokubili kahle.
- Ukukhulisa Izingane : Kukhishwa iqiniso elilula lokuthi ama-ambulensi abizelwa abesimame emsebenzini, kubalulekile ukuthi bazi ukuthi benzeni lapho befika khona. Uma kuziwa ngamakhono okuphazamiseka okuphathelene nokubeletha, kukhona okuncane kakhulu ukuthi bafunda ngaphezu kwezingqinamba zokuqeqeshwa kwe-EMT.
Lawa amakhono ayisisekelo futhi awazange ashintshe ngempela kusukela ku-EMTs. Ngo-1996, ikharityhulam yokuqeqesha abachwepheshe bezokwelapha eziphuthumayo (ngaleso sikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi ochwepheshe bezokwelapha eziphuthumayo) yanyatheliswa yi-National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), okwenza kancane kancane lapho ukhumbula ubuhlobo phakathi kwe-EMTs nemoto izingozi.
Kube khona izinto ezimbalwa ezongezwe phakathi neminyaka (uchungechunge olusha lwezindinganiso zokuqeqeshwa kwezinsizakalo eziphuthumayo zanyatheliswa phakathi kuka 2005-2009), kuhlanganise nemithi efana ne-albuterol, i-epinephrine, i-naloxone, ne-nitroglycerin. Ukungafani okukhulu "okungekho izinaliti" ukubusa kwesithupha ngaphezulu kungukusetshenziswa kwe-epinephrine ne-naloxone. Zombili lezi mithi zinikezwa ngomjovo. Ezimweni eziningi, i-EMTs isebenzisa ama-self-injectors oklanyelwe ukubeka isisetshenziswa ukusebenzisa lezi mithi. Ukusetshenziswa kwemithi ngaphandle kwe-oksijeni ne-glucose yomzimba (ishukela esilula kakhulu esinikezwa iziguli ezine-hypoglycemia) akuyona into ejwayelekile. Ukungezwani okukhulu kwesifunda kukhona kokubili kwe-EMT kanye nemimhlaba yezokwelapha.
Ukuba yi-EMT Certified
Wonke umbuso unemithetho yawo kanye nemigomo elawula ukuqeqeshwa kanye nesitifiketi sezochwepheshe eziphuthumayo zezokwelapha. Iningi lilandela amaZinga okuPhepha okuPhuthukiswa koMnyango wezeMpilo kaZwelonke wezoMnyango wezeMpilo ekhishwe yi-NHTSA Izindinganiso zilinganisela ukuthi ukuqeqeshwa kwe-EMT kuzothatha amahora angu-150-190. Amazwe amaningi anamahora aphansi eshiwo esimisweni. Ngokwesibonelo, eCalifornia, kudinga ubude obuncane bokufunda amahora angu-120 we-EMT isitifiketi, ngaphansi kwesilinganiso esijwayelekile sezwe. Izinhlelo zingathatha isikhathi eside kunokungenani, Yebo.
Uma inkambo yokuqeqesha iphothuliwe ngempumelelo, umfakisicelo we-EMT kufanele adlulise ukuhlolwa kwesitifiketi. Kuzo zonke izifunda ezine (eNew York, Wyoming, Illinois, naseNorth Carolina), umfakisicelo uzothatha ukuhlolwa okukhulunywe futhi kulawulwa yi-National Registry of Experts Medical Emergency (NREMT). Kulawo mazwe, ukuhlolwa kuzokwenziwa yizwe futhi imithetho iyohluka uma kuchazwe lapha.
Uma sekuhlolwa, umfakisicelo uzoqinisekiswa yi-NREMT. Okuzokwenzeka ngokulandelayo kuxhomeke kuhulumeni, kodwa ngokuvamile u-EMT oqinisekisiwe we-NREMT uzohambisa isitifiketi sakhe se-NREMT emahhovisi e-EMS wombuso welayisensi yombuso (ngeke siye engxoxweni mayelana nelayisense noma isitifiketi lapha). Ilayisensi yombuso kanye nesitifiketi se-NREMT kuhle iminyaka emibili. Ukuvuselelwa kuqondene nesimo sombuso, futhi ngokuvamile kuzodinga amahora wokufunda aqhubekayo. Iningi lamazwe alenze i-EMT igcine isitifiketi sayo se-NREMT ngemuva kokukhishwa kwelayisensi yokuqala.
I-EMTs Isuka Ebusweni Kuya ku-State
Uma unesitifiketi samanje se-NREMT, unesici esibaluleke kakhulu sokuhambisa ilayisense yakho kusuka kwesinye isimo kuya kwesinye. Ngokuvamile, noma kunjalo, lokho akwanele. Eziningi zamazwe zinesidingo esengeziwe sokuqedela ngaphambi kokuthi ungalayiseniswa, ngisho noma usuqinisekisiwe ngokomthetho.
Kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi ayikho indlela yokumboza zonke izisekelo. Iseluleko esingcono kakhulu ukubiza ihhovisi le-EMS lombuso lapho uya khona. Thola uhlu lwezinto ozodinga ukuzenza futhi uqinisekise ukuthi uphawula wonke amabhokisi.
Yiziphi i-EMTs ezingafundile esikoleni (Ngokujwayelekile)
Ochwepheshe bezokwelapha eziphuthumayo bafundiswa ukuphatha iziguli kulokho okulingana nosuku olubi kunazo zonke (mhlawumbe lokugcina) empilweni yesiguli. Kodwa akusikho okwakwenziwa yi-EMTs amaningi uma ekugcineni beqeda inqubo bese bekhuphukela ku-ambulensi okokuqala. Iningi le-EMTs ngeke ligijime emigwaqeni eqondakalayo nekhala lokukhala futhi izibani zikhanya, kuphela ukuhlwitha isiguli esisengozini emaseni omzimba wokufa nje ngesikhathi sokufa.
Iningi le-EMTs lizoshayela isiguli esifanayo ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbili esibhedlela lapho ehamba khona ngesikhathi esiphuthumayo esibhedlela lapho ezoqeda khona ukutakula. Yilokho iqiniso le-ambulensi yokuhamba: ama-ambulensi amaningi awasetshenziselwa ukuphuthumayo.
Izinhlelo zokuqeqesha ze-EMT zichitha isikhathi esincane. uma ikhona, ukufundisa abakwa-EMT amakhono angempela azokwenza ukuba baphumelele kakhulu eminyakeni yokuqala yokusebenza kwabo: ububele, ukwethula, nokuxhumana kwabantu, nje ukubiza abambalwa.
Amakhono okuphuthumayo ayadingeka nakanjani, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-EMT igijimela izingcingo ezingu-911 noma isetshenziselwa ukudluliselwa kwe-interfacility. Ngempela, iziguli ezigula kakhulu i-EMT entsha ezobe zinakekelwa yilezo ezithwala esibhedlela esibhedlela. Uma kwenzeka okuthile ngesikhathi sokuthutha, i-EMT kulindeleke ukuthi iqaphe futhi isabele.
Amakhono okuphinda ahlaziywe ngesikhathi esivame ukubhekwa njengomsebenzi "wokujwayele" awuqinisekiswa ezinhlelweni zokuqeqesha ezijwayelekile. I-EMTs ifundiswa ukufika, ukuhlola, ukuphatha, ukuthutha, ukugeza, nokuphindaphinda. Ngokuvamile abazuzi isiqondiso sendlela yokuphatha iziguli ezidinga ukunakekelwa okuqhubekayo, ngezinye izikhathi amahora ngesikhathi sokuthutha.
Ukuze ulungiselele i-EMTs yezwe langempela, kubalulekile ukuthi sibanike amathuluzi womsebenzi abazokwenza ngempela. Njengomshayeli wendiza egibeli, kufanele bahlale bekulungele ukungalindelekile, kodwa futhi kufanele bazi ukuthi bangabhekana kanjani nomuntu ngaphandle kokubanjwa.
> Imithombo:
> Davis CS, Southwell JK, Niehaus VR, Walley AY, Dailey MW. Izinsizakalo zezokwelapha eziphuthumayo ukufinyelela kwe-lexone: ukubuyekezwa kwezomthetho okuhlelekile kwezwe. I-Acad Emerg Med . 2014 Oct; 21 (10): 1173-7. i-doi: 10.1111 / acem.12485.
> UMnyango wezokuThutha we-US / Ukuphathwa kwezokuPhepha kwezokuThutha kaZwelonke. (2009). Amazinga Wezemfundo Zemisebenzi Yezokwelapha Eziphuthumayo. Washington, DC.
> UMnyango wezokuThutha we-US / Ukuphathwa kwezokuPhepha kwezokuThutha kaZwelonke. (2009). Amazinga Wezemfundo Eziphuthumayo Zezokwelapha Emiphakathini Kazwelonke: Iziqondiso Eziphuthumayo Zezokwelapha Zezokwelapha . Washington, DC.
> UMnyango wezokuThutha we-US / Ukuphathwa kwezokuPhepha koMgwaqo kaZwelonke. (2005). Okuqukethwe Okuqukethwe kwe-EMS kazwelonke. Washington, DC.
> UMnyango wezokuThutha we-US / Ukuphathwa kwezokuPhepha koMgwaqo kaZwelonke. (2007). I-EMS Ububanzi beZibonelo Zokusebenza. Washington, DC.