U-Roe v. Wade uqale wethulwa ngoMeyi 23, 1970, eNkantolo yesihlanu yesiFundazwe eDallas ngaphambi kwamajaji amathathu. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ukukhipha isisu kulawulwa ezingeni likahulumeni. U-Roe v. Wade wagcina ephikisana ngaphambi kweNkantolo Ephakeme. Leli cala lemlando livumelekile ukuthi owesifazane unelungelo lokukhipha isisu kuwo wonke ama-United States. Kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi leli cala eliphawulekayo libe khona?
Ngaphambi Kwecala likaRoe v. Wade
Ngo-1969, eneminyaka engu-22, uNorma McCorvey wakhulelwa. Wayesanda kulahlekelwa umsebenzi wakhe, wayempofu futhi engafuni ukuqhubeka nokukhulelwa kwakhe. Umthetho waseTexas umthetho owenqatshelwe ukukhipha isisu ngaphandle kokusindisa impilo yowesifazane. UNorma McCorvey wazama ukuthola udokotela owayezokwenza ukukhipha isisu ngokungemthetho. Nakuba engaphumelelanga ekutholeni udokotela, uMcCorvey uhlangabezane noSara Weddington noLinda Coffee - abameli ababili ababekhathazekile ngokushintsha imithetho yokukhipha isisu. Laba bameli babezama ukuthola owesifazane owayefuna ukukhipha isisu kodwa wayengenayo indlela noma imali yokuyithola. Babedinga ummangali ozohlala ekhulelwe futhi engazihambi kwelinye izwe noma izwe lapho ukukhipha isisu kusemthethweni. UNorma McCorvey unamathele ngokugcwele lo mthethosivivinywa, futhi maduzane baziswa kuMcCorvey nge-advocate yommeli.
Imiyalo Yokukhipha Isisu eTexas
I-Texas idlulise umthetho wayo wokuvimbela isisu ngo-1859.
Njengeminye imithetho enjalo e-US, ijezisa kuphela abantu abenza noma abahlinzeka izindlela zokukhipha isisu. Ngakho-ke, nakuba umthetho ungajezisi owesifazane ozama ukunxusa udokotela wakhe ukuba akhiphe isisu, izimiso zokuvimbela isisu eTexas zenze kube yisenzo sobugebengu kunoma yimuphi umuntu owanikhipha isisu ngaphandle kwenhloso yokulondoloza impilo yomama.
Futhi, izibhedlela zingahle zilahlekelwe yilayisensi yokusebenza yokuvumela ukukhipha isisu ngokungemthetho ngaphakathi kwezikhungo zabo. Kodwa-ke, izimiso zokuvimbela isisu zaseTexas zazingacacile ekusebenziseni kwabo okungenzeka ezimweni lapho abesifazane becela ukukhipha isisu. Lokhu kwabashiya odokotela nezibhedlela ezidinga ukuqapha ngokukhethekile ukugwema ukushushiswa. Kubonakala sengathi icala elilodwa elicacile lokukhipha isisu ngokusemthethweni kwakuwukuthi ukukhulelwa kungabangela ukufa kwabesifazane. Njengoba kunikezwa ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka, iningi lamacala lanikeza ukungaqiniseki okungokomthetho, ngakho odokotela baphenduka amacala amaningi okukhipha isisu ukuze bagweme ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi bathole inhlawulo ephawulekayo (isigwebo esingaphansi kweminyaka emihlanu ejele) kanye / noma izigwegwe zokuphatha (ukuchithwa welayisense yezokwelapha).
Babengubani Roe noWade?
UNorma McCorvey, ummangalelwa, wabe esebenzela, "Jane Roe" ukuze amvikele ukuthi ungubani ngempela (uMcCorvey empeleni akazange aziwe kuze kube yi-1980). Icala labekwe ekuqaleni kuRoe (okwakuyizinyanga ezingu-6 ezikhulelwe ngaleso sikhathi), kodwa yaphenduka isithathwa-isenzo-sinyathelo ukuze uMcCorvey abame, hhayi nje yena, kodwa bonke abesifazane abakhulelwe.
Ummangalelwa nguHenry B. Wade, ummeli wesifunda saseDallas County, eTexas.
Isimangalo sommangalelwa ku- Roe v. Wade
Nakuba ummangali wayenezinkinga ezinkulu ezimbili ukuze aphumelele:
- Owesifazane okhulelwe wayenakho ukuma ukusola ngokungahambisani nomthetho okungenzeka ukuthi umthetho awunamthetho ngoba umthetho usetshenziselwa ukwelashwa (hhayi iziguli).
- Njengoba kunikezwe ubude bezinkantolo zenkantolo, icala lingase lisetshenziswe alisasebenzi futhi lilahlwe ngaphandle kwenkantolo uma uMcCorvey ebeletha (noma okungenani wadlulisela iphuzu lapho ukukhipha isisu kungenziwa ngokuphepha).
Icala labe selifakwe icala, ephikisana ngokuthi umthetho we-1859 waseTexas wawukwenqabela ilungelo lomthethosisekelo wesifazane lokukhipha isisu.
The Attorneys
USara Weddington noLinda Coffee babengabameli bommangali.
Abameli bommangalelwa babenguJohn Tolle (okhethwe ukuvikela umthetho wokukhipha isisu waseTexas) noJay Floyd (ukuvikela umthetho uqobo).
I- Roe Original Ve Case Wade ngo-Meyi 23, 1970
Icala laqala ukuphikiswa eNkantolo yesihlanu yesifundazwe eDallas ngaphambi kwamajaji amathathu. I-Weddington neKafana ifuna inkantolo ukuba inqume ukuthi owesifazane okhulelwe wayenelungelo lokuzikhethela yini uma kukhishwa isisu. Bakha izimpikiswano zabo kwi-Ninth and Fourteenth Amendments kuMthethosisekelo wase-US. Nakuba kudidekile, i-Ninth Amendment ivikela amalungelo aphelele awakhulunywa kodwa angachazwanga kwenye indawo kuMthethosisekelo. Ukuchitshiyelwa kwe-Fourteen okuvimbelayo kusho ukuphika ukuphila komphakathi, inkululeko noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele yomthetho.
INkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States yayivele isungulwe, ngo-1965 icala likaGriswold v. Connecticut , ukuthi ilungelo lomthethosisekelo lobunikazi litholakala futhi livikelwe yiziNguquko eziyiNine neZine. Ngakho-ke, i-Weddington neKhofi yathi uMthetho Wokukhipha Isisu waseTexas wamphika uRoe ilungelo lakhe lokungasese - ethi umthetho waseTexas awuhambisani nomthethosisekelo njengoba wephula ukuvikela okuyimfihlo iNkantolo eyayikutholile kuzo zombili izichibiyelo. Baqhubeka bephikisa ukuthi ilungelo lokungasese kufanele livikele ilungelo lomuntu wesifazane ukunquma ukuthi noma ngabe ungumama yini noma cha.
Ummangalelwa wabe esebeka icala lakhe ngesisekelo sokuthi ingane yayinegunya lomthetho okufanele livikelwe nguMthethosisekelo, ithi, "ukuthi ilungelo lomntwana ekuphileni liphakeme kunalo ilungelo lomfazi lokungasese." Abahluleli baphetha ngokuthi umthetho waseTexas wephule ilungelo likaRoe lokungasese elitholakala ku-Ninth and Fourteenth Amendment nokuthi owesifazane unelungelo lokuqeda ukukhulelwa kwakhe. UMcCorvey ukhulelwe lapho eba ngummangali oholayo kuleli cala. NgoJuni 1970, wabeletha futhi wamisa ingane yakhe ukuba yamukelwe .
Ngo-1971, isinqumo senkantolo yesifunda saseRoe v Wade siphenywe, ngakho-ke leli cala lithunyelwa eyokuqala kwezingxoxo zeNkantolo eNkulu yase-US.