Umphumela kaRoe v. Wade
Isinqumo seRoe (esivela eNkantolo Ephakeme eNkantolo Ephakeme ka-1973) sivikela ilungelo lobumfihlo kanye nokukhipha isisu ngokusemthethweni. Eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu edlule kusukela kuRoe v. Wade belethe ingxenye yabo enhle yezingxabano zezombangazwe nezamasiko, kodwa kubonakala sengathi iminyaka engama-30 + ezayo ingathembisa ngisho nakakhulu. Kubesifazane abaningi, ilungelo lokukhipha isisu limelela okungaphezu nje kwelungelo lobumfihlo njengoba kuvikelwe ngumthethosisekelo wethu.
Lesi sinqumo sinikeze abesifazane abanamandla okuphatha ngekusasa labo, ukubunjwa kwemindeni, imisebenzi, kanye nesiphetho.
INkantolo Ephakeme ayisaphinde isuke ekubambeni kwayo kuRoe v. Wade naphezu kokunikezwa amathuba amaningi eminyakeni edlule. Eqinisweni, isandulela sezomthetho sesinqumo sikaRoe sisongelwe yizinyathelo ezihlukahlukene ezinkantolo nasezifundeni futhi zanikeza amathuba amaningi eNkantolo ukuba acabange ukuguqula uRoe v. Wade . Ukuphathwa kweBush kwabekwa icala ngokuzama ukuzama ukuchitha amalungelo okuzala. Ngo-2003, uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wasayina ukuvinjelwa komthetho wokuqala kokukhipha isisu, okuvimbela inqubo ye- Intact Dilation and Extraction (D & X) isisu. Nakuba lokhu kuvinjelwe kuthiwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi "uMthetho Wokuvimbela Ukukhipha Isisu Sokuzalwa Ngonyaka ka-2003," kubalulekile ukuveza ukuthi inqubo ihlonishwa kakhulu emphakathini wezokwelapha njengo-Intact D & X.
"Ukukhipha isisu okuyingxenye" kuyigama lezombusazwe, hhayi elikwelapha. Khona-ke, ngo-2004, iNdlu yabaMemezeli yadlulisa uMthetho Ongabantwana Ongazalwa Olwabudlova, owokuqala, owasungulwa emthethweni wesigungu, umntfwana njengomuntu wezomthetho onamalungelo akhethekile ahlukile kwalawo wesifazane okhulelwe.
Nakuba ikusasa likaRoe v. Wade lingase lingaqondakali, kubonakala sengathi isinqumo, njengoba sonke, cishe ngeke siguquke. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izigwegwe zamanje zeNkantolo Ephakeme zanamuhla zisekela yini isinqumo seRoe, umlando ubonise ukuthi abezombusazwe be-pro-life banomkhuba wokuhamba nabo kuRoe v. Wade , kunokuba bawunselele ngokuqondile.
Umlando uye wasibonisa ukuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme ngeke ivele iphumele ngokungazelelwe izigwebo zayo zangaphambili. Kungase kuthiwe ukuthi ukuphikisana nokuphikisana okuqhubekayo eminyakeni eminingi kusukela isinqumo sikaRoe sizoqeda iNkantolo ukuba ikwazi ukuletha isinqumo esinzima kulabo abathintekayo ngamalungelo abesifazane. Ngisho noma isinqumo seRoe sifikile njengesigameko esingalindelekile nesishayayo kulabo ababekulindele ukuthi umthetho uvikele impilo ye-fetal, kubonakala sengathi akunakwenzeka ukuthi iNkantolo izokhipha esinye isinqumo esibindile ngalolu daba.
Uma ngabe kunjalo, izazi-mlando kanye nezifundiso zibikezela ukuthi kunokuba kunqotshwe isinqumo seRoe, amacala angahle akhulise isigaba sezindaba ezihlobene nokukhipha isisu - okuzobe kudlalwa khona ekunikezeni nasekutheni inqubo yomthetho. Uma lokhu kwakuzokwenzeka, izenzo ezengeziwe zomthetho nezenkantolo zingase zigxile ekuzameni ukufeza ibhalansi elingcono phakathi kwamalungelo abesifazane abakhulelwe nokuvikelwa kwe-fetus.
Ngakho-ke, singase sibone isimiso sombuso esivumelekile sokukhipha isisu ikakhulukazi uma izishayamthetho zombuso zinikezwa ikhono lokukhiqiza izimiso zabo zokukhipha izisu. Lokhu kuthiwa, noma ngabe iNkantolo igcina isula isinqumo sayo ngokukhipha isisu, kubonakala sengathi kuvumelwaneni ngombono wokuthi noma yisiphi isimiso esivumela ukukhipha isisu ukulondoloza impilo yowesifazane okhulelwe kuzohlala kungavumelani noMthethosisekelo.
U-Roe v. Wade wayelokhu, futhi uyaqhubeka, icala elithinta kakhulu inkantolo elithinta imithetho ephathelene nokukhipha isisu. Icala leNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu lilodwa lamacala enkantolo aphikisana kakhulu ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Eminyakeni engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu emva kokuthi uRoe ephikisana futhi enqume, abantu emhlabeni wonke base-US bazama ukudiliza isinqumo kanye nokulwa ukuze kugcinwe kahle. Kusukela isinqumo seRoe, siye safakaza engxoxweni ehambisana namalungelo okuzala kuphela ngamalungelo okukhipha isisu nokuvimbela ukukhulelwa okungahlosiwe . Naphezu kwemizamo eminingi yezishoshovu zokwandisa ingxoxo, izingxabano zezombangazwe mayelana namalungelo okuzala zijwayele ukugxila ekukhipha isisu, ukukhulelwa kokukhulelwa , nokufundisa ngezocansi , kodwa zinganaki ezinye izinkinga ezibalulekile zokuzala, njengezidingo zabesifazane abafuna ukuqhubeka nokukhulelwa kwabo izingane), ukukhethwa kombungu noma abesifazane abasebenzisa ukungasebenzi.
Isibonelo, ukukhulelwa okuningi sekuvame kakhulu njengoba imibhangqwana eminye ingena ku-in vitro-ukukhulelwa njengendlela yokunqoba ukungabi nalutho. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ukukhulelwa okuningi kuphakamisa izingozi zezempilo kokubili kunina nomama. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhulisa izimpande kungabangela inani eliphakeme lokucindezeleka ngokomzwelo, ukukhathala nokucindezelwa kwezezimali okungaba nemiphumela emibi emindeni kanye / noma emphakathini. Noma kunjalo, ngaphansi kwesinqumo se-Roe, abesifazane bavunyelwe ukwenza izinqumo zabo ngokwenzekayo emizimbeni yabo. Kwenzekani-ke, uma owesifazane ethatha isinqumo sokuqhubeka nokudluliswa kwe-embyo ehlanganisa ukudlulisa imibungu emihlanu noma ngaphezulu phakathi ne-IVF (ngisho nangemva kokuthola ulwazi ngokugcwele ngezinzuzo kanye nezingozi zokukhulelwa okuningi)? Ingabe kufanele abe nelungelo lokwenza lesi sinqumo (ngaphansi kukaRoe v. Wade , akwenzayo), noma kufanele udokotela akhathazeke ngokuthi kungenzeka ngempela ukuthi izingozi zempilo ezinganeni zifanele ukuthi zonke imibungu zizithathe futhi zithuthuke (kanjalo, ungavumeli ukudluliselwa)?
Izinkinga ezinjengalezi zidinga ukufakwa engxoxweni mayelana namalungelo okuzala. Ngentuthuko e-IVF, imibungu ingabuyekezwa ngezifo ezingase zibe nezakhi zofuzo noma i-chromosomal. Imibungu ingabuye ihlolwe ubulili. Ingabe imibungu ethile kufanele ilahlwe (futhi ingasetshenziselwa) ngoba nje ihlola ukuthi ihlelwe yisifo noma ngenxa yokuthi ibulili obuhlukile? Uma ukukhipha isisu kuvunyelwe ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo phakathi kokuqala kwezinyanga ezintathu zokukhulelwa, kufanele abesifazane bakwazi ukunquma ukulahla imibungu ethile (nganoma yisiphi isizathu) futhi abazange bathunyelwe
Njengoba singena eminyakeni eyishumi entsha, isinqumo seRoe, sokuqinisekisa abesifazane inkululeko yokuzikhethela uma kuziwa emizimbeni yabo, kungadingeka ukuthi kucaciswe kabanzi. Uphi umgwaqo okufanele ukhishwe uma kuziwa ilungelo lomfazi lokuzikhethela, noma akufanele kube khona lolo lwazi? Le mpikiswano eyabangelwa uRoe v. Wade ijulile kakhulu kunokukhipha isisu . Kungani isiko lethu lilingana nomqondo wokuthi "ukukhetha" njengokufana nokukhipha isisu?
Mhlawumbe, sonke kudingeka sikhumbule ukuthi ukhetho empeleni lisho ilungelo noma amandla okukhetha - njengabesifazane, singakhetha ukushada, ukuthola umsebenzi, ukulala nobulili. Ingxenye yalolu khetho kungase kube ukubambezeleka kokubeletha , ngokusebenzisa ukukhulelwa noma ukukhipha isisu. Ukuphila kugcwele ukukhetha okwenziwe.
Kusukela isinqumo seRoe v. Wade ngo-1973, kuye kwaba nabesifazane abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-45 base-US abaye bakhetha ukuba nokukhipha isisu okuphephile, ngokomthetho. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu kamuva, lesi sinqumo esiyingqopha-mlando sihlala singenye yezingxoxo eziningi kakhulu. Ngeke yini kube nengqondo ukucabanga ukuthi le nkulumo-mpikiswano ye-pro-choice / pro-life ingaba yizinhloko ezimbili zemali efanayo? Kulabo abafuna ukwenza le mpikiswano kuphela ngokuphathelene nokukhipha isisu, ukukhulelwa kokukhulelwa, nokukhulelwa okungahleliwe , kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kunenkolelo yomuntu ekuziphatheni kokukhipha isisu, bekungeke kube nemfanelo yokunganaki iqiniso. Kunezigidi ezingu- 3 zokukhulelwa okungahleliwe e-US minyaka yonke.
Ucwaningo oluhloniphekile lubonisa ukuthi ukukhushulwa kokusetshenziswa kokukhulelwa kubangela izinga lokunciphisa isisu. Eqinisweni, ngokusho kwe-American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, ingxenye yabo bonke abesifazane abafuna ukukhipha isisu okokuqala babengasebenzisi uhlobo lokuvimbela ukukhulelwa ngesikhathi bekhulelwe. Nakuba inamba kazwelonke yokukhipha izisu isezansi, ukukhulelwa kwentsha kuyaphakama .
Sinezigaba ezimbili zokuzikhethela kanye nama-pro-life ngokugqugquzela izikhundla zabo, ukuphikisana nokuhlanganisa ukusekelwa nsuku zonke. Ingabe lokho kunzima ukulahla ama-agendas nokuqinisekisa ukuthi sonke sivumelana ngokuyinhloko emgomweni ofanayo - ukwehlisa inombolo yokukhipha isisu. Akunakuphikwa ukuthi ukulawulwa kokubeletha nokukhipha isisu kokubili kubonisa izindlela ezingaphezulu zokufeza umgomo ofanayo: ukuvimbela izingane ezingadingeki . Esikhundleni sokuphikisana ngokuziphatha okubi kokukhipha isisu, kuzomele kwenziwe imizamo yokukhuthaza izixazululo zokuvimbela ukukhulelwa okungalindelekile.
Kukhona amazwi athi "Ukulwa Nokukhipha Isisu? Ungabi Nye." Kubonakala kimi ukuthi, uma sekufika kuyo, yonke i- Roe v. Wade eyenziwe inikezwa abesifazane abanokuzikhethela. Lokho thina ngamunye esikwenzayo ngokuzikhethela kungokwemuntu futhi kuyimfihlo. Kuze kube yilapho ukucaciswa okuqhubekayo kunqunywa ukuthi yini empeleni ehlanganiswe ilungelo lokuzikhethela owesifazane, isinqumo seRoe sise. Futhi nakuba, ezweni eliphelele, sonke singasebenza ndawonye ukuze sifinyelele umgomo ofanayo, uRoe v. Wade uzoqhubeka nokugubha ukuphikisana lapho abantu bazohlala behlukaniswe khona futhi bazimisele ukusakaza i-ajenda yabo nganoma iyiphi indlela.