Ukulawulwa Kwokulawulwa Kwokuzalwa
Icala likaGriswold v. Connecticut laqunjelwa ngoJuni 7, 1965. Leli cala lalibalulekile ngoba iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqamba ukuthi abantu abashadile banelungelo lokusebenzisa ukukhulelwa kwezingane . Ngokuyisisekelo kwakhulisa umgwaqo wobumfihlo nobukhulu bokuzala obukhona namuhla. Ngaphambi kwalesi simo, ukusetshenziswa kokulawulwa kokubeletha kwakungavinjelwe noma kukhishwe isikhalazo.
Ingemuva
Ngo-1960, kwakunamanje amazwe angu-30 anemithetho (evame ukudluliswa isikhathi esithile ngasekupheleni kwe-1800s) eyayivimbela ukukhangisa nokudayiswa kwezizalo zokubeletha.
Abanye bathi, njenge-Connecticut ne-Massachusetts, banqabela ukusetshenziswa kokulawula kokubeletha ngokuphelele.
Eqinisweni, esifundazweni saseConnecticut, ukusetshenziswa kwekhanda lokubeletha kwakujeziswa nge $ 50 kanye / noma kuze kube unyaka owodwa ejele. Umthetho uvimbela ukusetshenziswa "kwanoma imuphi umuthi, i-athikili yokwelashwa noma ithuluzi ngenhloso yokuvimbela ukukhulelwa." Umthetho waphinde wagcina, "noma ubani osiza, othola, ocebisa, odala, oqasha noma oyala omunye ukuba enze noma yikuphi icala elingashushiswa futhi ajeziswe njengokungathi uyisenzo esiyinhloko." Nakuba lo mthetho wadalwa ngo-1879, kwakungakaze kuqinisekiswe.
Ngo-1961, u-Estelle Griswold (uMqondisi Omkhulu we-Planned Parenthood League yase-Connecticut) noDkt. C. Lee Buxton (uSihlalo we-Department of Obstetrics e-Yale University School of Medicine) banquma ukuvula ikliniki yokulawula ukubeletha eNew Haven, Connecticut inhloso enkulu yokuphikisa umthethosisekelo we-Connecticut.
Umtholampilo wabo unikeze ulwazi, ukufundisa, kanye nezeluleko zezokwelapha kubantu abashadile ngezindlela zokuvimbela ukukhulelwa. Emtholampilo, bazohlola futhi abesifazane (abafazi) futhi banikeze idivayisi engcono kakhulu yokukhulelwa noma izinto ezizosetshenziswa ngamunye wabo.
UGriswold wayekhungathekiswe umthetho weConnecticut njengoba kwaphendukela abesifazane abafuna ukulawula ukubeletha kanye nodokotela babo ezigebengu.
Umtholampilo usebenza kuphela kusukela ngoNovemba 1 kuya kuNovemba 10, 1961. Ngemva kokuvula izinsuku eziyishumi nje kuphela, bobabili uGriswold noBuxton baboshwa. Bese kuthiwa bashushiswa, batholakala benecala, futhi bahlawuliswe imali engu- $ 100. Ukukholelwa kwabo kwaphakanyiswa yi-Appellate Division yeNkantolo Yase Circuit kanye neNkantolo Ephakeme yaseConnecticut. UGriswold wathwesa icala lakhe eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States ngo-1965.
Isimangalo sommangali
EGriswold v. Connecticut , Estelle Griswold noDkt. C. Lee Buxton baphikisana ngokuthi umthetho weConnecticut olwa nokusetshenziswa kokulawula ukubeletha uhambisane neSichibiyelo Sesi-14, esithi,
"Awukho umbuso ozokwenza noma ukuphoqelela noma yikuphi umthetho ozokhipha amalungelo noma izivikeli zezakhamuzi zase-United States; futhi noma yikuphi uMbuso oyolahla noma yimuphi umuntu wokuphila, inkululeko noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele yomthetho ... noma ukuphika noma yimuphi umuntu ukuvikelwa okulinganayo kwemithetho "(ukuchitshiyelwa 14, isigaba 1).
Ukulalela iNkantolo Ephakeme
Ngo-Mashi 29, 1965, u-Estelle Griswold noDkt. Buxton baphikisa icala labo phambi kweNkantolo Ephakeme. Abahluleli abayisikhombisa babengamele ukulalela - uJaji Oyinhloko: Earl Warren; kanye neziNqumo eziHlanganayo: UHugo Black, uWilliam J. Brennan Jr., uTom C. Clark, uWilliam O. Douglas, u-Arthur Goldberg, uJohn M. Harlan II, uPotter Stewart noByron White.
Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme
Icala lalinqunywa ngoJuni 7, 1965. Esigabeni esivela ku-7-2, inkantolo yanquma ukuthi umthetho waseConnecticut wawungavumelani noMthethosisekelo ngoba wawuphula umthetho wesigwebo. Inkantolo yaqhubeka yathi ilungelo lomthethosisekelo kumibhangqwana eshadile eqinisekisiwe yelungelo lokuzikhethela ngokuphathelene nokukhulelwa. UWilliam William O. Douglas wabhala umbono omkhulu.
Ubani owavotela futhi aphikisana no- Griswold v. I-Connecticut Ruling
- Ubukhulu: UWilliam O. Douglas wabhala ukuthi ilungelo lobumfihlo bomshado liphakathi "ne-penumbra" yoMthethosivivinywa wamaLungelo. Ngombono ohambelanayo, u-Justice Goldberg wabhala ukuthi ilungelo lokuzimela ngasese emshadweni "lilungelo lomuntu siqu" eligcinwe ngabantu "ngokusho kweNguqulo Lwesishiyagalolunye." Ubulungiswa uHarlan II noJustice White nabo bavumelana ngokugcina ukuthi ubumfihlo ivikelwe yisigaba somthetho esifanele sokuchitshiyelwa kwesine.
- Ukuphikisa: UHugo Black noPotter Stewart bobabili bafaka imibono ephikisanayo echaza ukuthi uhulumeni unelungelo lokuhlasela ubumfihlo bakhe ngaphandle uma kunesimiso esithile somthethosisekelo esivimbela ukuhlasela. UJustice Black uphikisa ukuthi ilungelo lobumfihlo alitholakali noma kuphi kuMthethosisekelo. U-Justice Stewart wachaza isimiso se-Connecticut ngokuthi "umthetho ongenangqondo" kodwa usho ukuthi usengumthethosisekelo.
Isizathu esilandelayo isinqumo se- Griswold v. Connecticut
Lesi sinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme saguqule umthetho waseConnecticut owenqabela ukululekwa kokukhulelwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kokuvimbela ukukhulelwa. Isibambiso saqaphela ukuthi uMthethosisekelo awukuvikeli ngokucacile ukuthi umuntu unelungelo lobumfihlo; Kodwa-ke, uMthethosivivinywa Wamalungelo wadala i-penumbras, noma izindawo zobumfihlo, lapho uhulumeni akakwazanga ukuphazamisa khona.
INkantolo igcizelele ukuthi ilungelo lokubambisana lomshado laliyingxenye yokuqala, yesithathu, yesine, yesishiyagalolunye, kanye neyeyisishiyagalolunye. Isibambiso sabe sesasungula ilungelo lokungasese emkhadweni womshado njengelungelo elingenakulinganiswa (elichazwe olimini, umlando, nesakhiwo soMthethosisekelo nakuba kungakhulunywa ngokucacile emibhalweni) ehambisana nalokho okushiwo yiNguqulo Lwesishiyagalolunye. Uma uke wachaza ngale ndlela, lokhu okuyimfihlo kubumfihlo bomshado kubhekwa njengenye yezinkululeko eziyisisekelo ezivikelwe yi-Fourteenth Amendment kusukela ekuphazamiseni yizizwe. Ngakho-ke, umthetho we-Connecticut wawuphule ilungelo lokungasese emndenini futhi watholakala ukuthi awuhambisani nomthethosisekelo.
I- Griswold v. Connecticut eyabusa ngokuyinhloko igcizelele ukuthi ubumfihlo emkhatsini womshado kuyindawo yomuntu okungekho emkhawulweni kuhulumeni. Njengombono kaJustice Douglas eNkantolo,
"Icala elikhona manje, libhekisela ebuhlotsheni obulele ngaphakathi kwendawo yobumfihlo obudalwe yiziqiniseko eziningana eziyisisekelo somthethosisekelo. Futhi liphathelene nomthetho othi, ngokuvimbela ukusebenzisa izakhi zokubeletha kunokuba uqondise ukukhiqiza noma ukudayiswa kwawo, ufuna ukufeza imigomo yawo ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokulimaza kakhulu kulobo buhlobo. ...
Singavumela amaphoyisa ukuthi afune izindawo ezingcwele zamakamelo okulala emishadweni ezibonakaliso zokusetshenziswa kwezizalo zokubeletha? Lo mbono uyamangalisa imibono yobumfihlo obuhlobene nobuhlobo bomshado.
Sisebenzelana nelungelo lokuzibandakanya ngokwemfihlo kunomThethomlingwa wamaLungelo ... Umtjhado uhlangana ndawonye okungcono nakakhulu nakakhulu, ngethemba lokuthi uhlala njalo, futhi usondelene nezinga lokungcwele. ... Kodwa kungumhlangano wezinhloso ezinhle njenganoma yikuphi okubandakanyeka ezinqumweni zethu zangaphambili. "
I- Griswold v. Connecticut ayizange ivumele
Nakuba i- Griswold v. Connecticut idlulisa umthetho ngokusebenzisa ukuvimbela ukukhulelwa, lokhu kukhululeka kusetshenziselwa imibhangqwana eshadile kuphela. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kokulawula ukubeletha kwakungavunyelwe kubantu abangashadile. Ilungelo lokusebenzisa ukubeletha akuzange linyelwe kubantu abangashadile NJENGOBA i- Eisenstadt v. Icala leNkantolo Ephakeme yaseBaird yanquma ngo-1972!
U-Griswold v. Connecticut usungulwe ilungelo lokungasese kuphela elibhekene nemibhangqwana eshadile. Eisenstadt v. Isigameko seBaird , ummangalelwa wathi ukuphika abantu abangashadile ilungelo lokusebenzisa ukulawulwa kokubeletha lapho abantu abashadile bevunyelwe ukusebenzisa ukuvimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela isisu. INkantolo Ephakeme yashintsha umthetho waseMassachusetts owawugqekeza ukusetshenziswa kwezizalo zokukhulelwa ngamabhangqwana angashadile. Inkantolo yanquma ukuthi iMassachusetts ayikwazanga ukuphoqa lo mthetho ngokumelene nemibhangqwana eshadile (ngenxa kaGriswold v. Connecticut ), ngakho umthetho wawusebenza ngokuthi "ukucwaswa okungenangqondo" ngokuphika imibhangqwana engashadile ilungelo lokuthola imithi yokukhulelwa. Ngakho-ke, isinqumo se- Eisenstadt v. IBaird sakha ilungelo labantu abangashadile ukuba basebenzise ukubeletha ngesisekelo esifanayo njengoba imibhangqwana eshadile.
Ukubaluleka kukaGriswold v. Connecticut
Isinqumo sikaGriswold v. Connecticut sisize ukubeka isisekelo senkululeko enkulu yokuzala okwamanje evunyelwe ngaphansi komthetho. Kusukela lesi sinqumo, iNkantolo Ephakeme ikhulume ilungelo lokungaboni ngasese ezindaweni eziningi zokulalelwa kweNkantolo. I- Griswold v. Connecticut ibeka isibonelo sokugunyazwa ngokugcwele kokulawulwa kokuzalwa, njengoba kunqunywe ku- Eisenstadt v. Isigameko se-Baird .
Ukwengeza, ilungelo lokungasese likhonjwe njengelitshe lekhoneni ku- Roe v. Icala leNkantolo eNkulu yaseWade. E- Roe v. Wade , iNkantolo inqume ukuthi ilungelo labesifazane lokukhetha ukukhipha isisu livikelwe njengesinqumo esiyimfihlo phakathi kwakhe nodokotela wakhe. INkantolo yaqhubeka yathi ukuvinjelwa isisu kuzophula umthetho we-Fourteen Amendment, ovikela izenzo zikahulumeni eziphikisana nelungelo lokungasese (kubandakanya ilungelo lomuntu lokuqeda ukukhulelwa kwakhe).