Indlela Impikiswano Yabo Ngayo Eyizwa Ngayo Namuhla
Ngokusho kukaNicoli Nattrass, umbhali we -AIDS Conspiracy: I-Science Fights Back , abaphikisi be-AIDS bangabonakala ngezikhundla ezine ezingokomfanekiso:
- "Ososayensi be-Hero" - odokotela noma ososayensi abasebenzisa noma yikuphi ukufakaza kwesayensi kungase kudingeke benze i-patina yokufaneleka kokucwaninga okungasekelwa.
- "Dumisani abaculi" - labo abagqugquzela ngenkuthalo imbangela yokuphika emphakathini, ngokuvamile ngaphansi kokwakhiwa komlando wokuzimela.
- "Izimpawu eziphilayo" - abantu abane-HIV abahlinzeka "ubufakazi obuphilayo" ukuthi enye ikhambi ibagcina iphila.
- "Amabhizinisi" - labo abasebenzisa isisusa sokuqamba njengendlela yokumaketha yokwelashwa okunye noma ukuthola inzuzo yezohwebo.
Uhlu lwabanqunu abahlanu abaphikisana ne-AIDS limelela izakhi zalezi zindima ezihlukahlukene. Ababalwe hhayi kuphela ngethonya ababenalo ngesikhathi esithile kumlando we-HIV kepha ngomthelela wokuthi ezinye zezigijimi zabo noma izenzo zabo zithwala namhlanje.
Yenza UP / San Francisco
I-ACT UP (i-AIDS Coalition kuya ku-Unleash Power) yiqembu le-activist le-AIDS elisungulwa yi-playmaker Larry Kramer ngo-1987. Nakuba inhlangano ibizwa ngokuthi yenza izinguquko ezinhle kwezocwaningo lwezokwelapha nokufinyelela kwezempilo kulabo abaphila negciwane lesandulela ngculaza, umThetho we-ACT UP / ISahluko seSan Francisco sasiqala inkambo ehluke ngokuphelele-ukuphikisana negciwane lesandulela ngculazi njengesisusa se-AIDS, futhi siphume ngokusemthethweni eqenjini lomzali ngo-2000.
Ngenkathi izimbangela zabo zibandakanya amalungelo esilwane, inkululeko yama-gay, imifino kanye nokugqugquzelwa kwegciwane lokwelapha, izimpikiswano zabo zazivame ukuhlanganiswa njengendlela eseduze ne-anarchic yokuhaha kwabantu nokubola. Ngokusho kwewebhusayithi yeqembu:
"Iqiniso liwukuthi abantu abafayo yi-AIDS. Abantu bayagula futhi bafa ngenxa yezinkinga zokuzivikela eziphathelene nokuphila kwansuku zonke ekukhulekeleni kobuchopho, ekukhulekeleni izinwele, ekuthunjweni kwe-ozone, ekuqhutshweni ngemali, emphakathini wabathengi ."
Naphezu kokunciphisa izinombolo zobulungu eminyakeni edlule, ukuhlelwa kwabo okusekelwe ekusungulweni kwesikhashana kwasiza ekuthandweni kwabaPhenti abaholayo umculi uChrissie Hynde (owanikeze imali engu-5 000 embangela) kanye ne-People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), abahamba nabo ukuphikisana nokuhlolwa kwesilwane.
Kwakuwukuthi, mhlawumbe, uhlobo olusakazekile, oluyingozi lombutho weqembu owabavumela ukuba bathathe ukusekelwa kwalabo ababengabaza ngokungafani izinkolelo zabo zokuphika. Umholi we-ACT UP / SF, uDavid Pasquarelli, wafa ngo-2004 eneminyaka engama-36 ubudala kusukela ezinkingeni ze-HIV, kuyilapho umndeni wakhe uMichael Bellefontaine efa ngo-2007 eneminyaka engama-41 yokutheleleka kwesistimu engacacisiwe.
UMatthias Rath
U-Matthias Rath ozalwa ngesiJalimane, u-vitamin magnate owaziwa kakhulu waseJalimane kanye nenhloko kaDkt. Rath Research Institute eCalifornia, wenza izinhloko zamazwe ngamazwe lapho ethi amavithamini (okusho ukuthi "imithi yeselula") angaphatha nge-HIV ngokuphumelelayo ngenkathi ephikelela ukuthi imishanguzo yegciwane lengculazi izidakamizwa (ama-ARV) zazibili ezinobuthi futhi eziyingozi.
Ngesikhathi ukuphakama kwengculazi eNingizimu Afrika ngo-2005, inhlangano kaRath yasakaza amashumi ezinkulungwane zamabhuloki kumakhansela abamnyama abamnyama abacela izakhamuzi eziphila negciwane lesandulela ngculazi ukuthi zilahle ama-ARV yazo bese zisebenzisa amavithamini esikhundleni.
Ngokushesha ngemuva kwalokho, uRath wathathwa enkantolo ukuze enze ukuhlolwa kwamavithamini okungagunyaziwe (lapho abantu abaningana kuthiwa babulawa khona) futhi kamuva wavinjelwa ekushicileleni noma yiziphi ezinye izikhangisi ezikhuthaza imikhiqizo yakhe noma ukuqhubeka nokucwaninga ngaphakathi eNingizimu Afrika.
Ukuxhaswa okuvela kuhulumeni-iNdunankulu yezeMpilo eNingizimu Afrika uManto Tshabalala-Msimang kanye noMkhandlu Wezokuphathwa Kwemithi nabo babizwe ngokuthi yi-suit-kubonisa ukuthi ithonya likaRath lokumangalelwa.
UChristian Maggiore
UChristian Maggiore wayebhekwa njengabantwana abaningi ukuba abe ngumntwana we-poster we-AIDS. Umsunguli wenhlangano, i-Alive & Well AIDS Alternatives, uMaggiore wakhuthaza umbono wokuthi i-HIV ayisona imbangela ye-AIDS futhi yeluleka abesifazane abakhulelweyo abane-HIV ukuthi bangathathi ama-ARV.
UMaggiore watholakala enesandulela ngculazi ngo-1992. Ngesikhathi eqale esebenza njengesivolontiya ngezokwelapha ezifana ne-AIDS Project Los Angeles kanye nabesifazane abasengozini, kwakukhona lapho ehlangana nomuntu ophikisana ne-AIDS uPeter Duesberg, ukuthi waqala ukubuza ngokujwayelekile isayensi. Wenza izinhloko ngokushesha ngemuva kokuhlola ama-ARV ngenkathi ekhulelwe futhi kamuva wambeletha indodakazi yakhe, u-Eliza Jane ngenkathi ebiza ukuthi i-HIV yayingenasici.
Ngakho ukuphoqelela kwakunguMaggiore njengomshicileli uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika ammeme ukuba abonise eMhlanganweni we-AIDS wezizwe wezi-2000 eThekwini. Umhlangano wakhe kanye noMengameli uThabo Mbeki kuthiwa uthathe isinqumo sakhe sokuvimbela imali ekucwaningeni kwezokwelapha ngabesifazane abakhulelwe abane-HIV.
Ngaphandle kwekhono likaMaggiore lokuthola usizo kulabo abambona njengelungu lethemba, wathola ukunakekelwa kwezindaba ezivame njalo-futhi ngezinye izikhathi kulabo abababuza ukuthi uzozibulala ngokwenkolo ngenxa yalesi sizathu, njengoba nje impilo yakhe yaqala ukuhluleka. (Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, isishoshovu se-HIV uZackie Achmat senza ukunakwa kwamazwe ngamazwe ukwenqaba ukuthatha ama-ARV kuze kube yilapho uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika avuma ukusabalalisa izidakamizwa emphakathini omkhulu.)
Phakathi kwababasekeli baseMaggiore babeyiqembu leqembu le-rock, i-Foo Fighters, ehlelele ikhonsathi yokuhlomula edayisiwe ngonyaka ka-2001 (isimo abaye basuka kuzo kwiwebhusayithi yabo band). U-Eliza Jane wafa eneminyaka emithathu ye-pneumocystis pneumonia . UMaggiore wabulawa ngo-2008 eneminyaka engu-58 ubudala yokutheleleka kwe-herpes kanye nesifo se- pneumonia .
UDkt Peter Duesberg
UPeter Duesberg ucatshangelwa ukuthi ungumzali wengculazi. Wazalwa ngo-1936 eJalimane, uDuesberg wathola injabulo enkulu emsebenzini wakhe wokuqala ngokucwaninga kwakhe ngegciwane elibangelwa umdlavuza futhi wavuka ngokushesha, ekugcineni wanikezwa ukuhlala ngesikhathi eneminyaka engu-36 ubudala esuka eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia, eBerkeley.
Kodwa-ke, ekuqaleni kohlelo lwe-AIDS ngo-1987, uDuesberg waba yinkinga yokuphikisana kwesayensi ngokukhohlisa ukuthi izidakamizwa zokuzilibazisa ezifana ne-alkyl nitrate (eyaziwa nangokuthi "i-poppers") yimbangela ye-AIDS nokuthi i-HIV ngokwayo ayinalutho. Kamuva waqhubeka nokufaka ama-ARV njengama-causative agents for the syndrome.
Ngesikhathi u-Duesberg ekwazi ukugcina ukusizwa ngesikhathi sokuqala kwenkinga-kuhlanganise no-Nobel Prize wezinto eziphilayo zezinto eziphilayo uKary Banks Mullis (owahlonishwayo, ngokumangalisayo, ngomsebenzi wakhe kumthamo we-PCR osetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa kwe- viral load ) - kwakungakaze kube umhlangano wakhe- UMengameli waseNingizimu Afrika uThabo Mbeki ukuthi ithonya likaDuesberg lazizwa ngempela.
Ngonyaka ka-2000, uDuesberg wamenywa (kanye nabanye abaphikisayo uHarvey Bialy, uDavid Rasnick, uRobert Giraldo, uSam Mhlongo no-Etienne de Harven) ukuba bahlale e-Mbeki's Advisory Panel nge-HIV ne-AIDS, isitatimende esicatshangelwe kakhulu esasiholela ekumemezeni kweMbeki ukuthi "Kwabonakala kimi ukuthi asikwazanga ukusola konke ngegciwane elilodwa."
Ukubheka kukaMbeki ngesandulela-ngculaza-ngisho nokugxila kwakhe ekusebenziseni "i-HIV ne- AIDS" ukuhlukanisa lezi zimbalwa-kubhekwa njengesizathu esiyinhloko sokususwa kwakhe emsebenzini ngo-2008. Lapho ekhuluma indima kaDuesberg eNingizimu Afrika, uMax Essex waseHarvard School Wezempilo Yomphakathi, wababuza ukuthi ngabe uDuesberg wayemane nje "ehlekisa emphakathini wesayensi" noma "enika amandla ekubulaleni okukhulu" ngenxa yokufa okwabangelwa iminyaka yokuphika kukahulumeni. U-Duesberg uyaqhubeka nokushicilela izinkolelo zakhe eziphikisayo, kamuva nje ngo-Disemba 2011 inkinga ye- Italian Review of Anatomy kanye ne-Embryology.
UMongameli wangaphambili waseNingizimu Afrika uThabo Mbeki
Kungaba lula kakhulu ukuphetha ngokuthi izinqubomgomo eziphikisana nomongameli wangaphambili waseNingizimu Afrika uThabo Mbeki zaqhutshwa "ngokuhlangana" okulula "okuhlangene" kwezimfundiso ezivumelanisiwe, noma ukuthi ngandlela-thile "yi-bamboozled" ngabaphikisi abakhethile.
Kusukela ezinsukwini zakhe zokuqala njengoba iphini likaMongameli uNelson Mandela, uMbeki ubonakala esamukela kalula "izixazululo zase-Afrika" kuleso sifo phezu kwalabo "isayensi" ejwayelekile "Western". Ngesinye isikhathi, lokhu kuhlanganisa nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezinamandla ezibizwa ngeVirodene, evivinywa ngokungemthetho kubantu bobabili eNingizimu Afrika naseTanzania.
Ezinkulumweni eziningi zikaMbeki eziphathelene nokutheleleka kwegciwane lesandulela-ngculaza, ngokuvamile kwakungaphansi kwezikhathi zokulwa ne-colonialism noma ukusikisela ukuthi i-HIV yindlela "iNtshonalanga" engasebenzisa ngayo, ukuxhaphaza noma ukucindezela abantu base-Afrika.
Kulo mbiko oshicilelwe ngumlobi wezincwadi uMark Gevisser, kubikwa ukuthi uMbeki uqhathanise ne-AIDS ososayensi odokotela bamaNazi okuhlushwa ukuhlushwa kwabamnyama nabantu abamnyama abamukela isayensi ye-AIDS yesayensi njengabantu "abaziphindaphindiwe" abahlukunyezwayo. Ekulungiseni isinqumo sakhe sokuvimbela ukusatshalaliswa kwama-ARV emphakathini jikelele, uMbeki uphinde wathi:
"Ngikhathazekile ngokuzimisela kwabantu abaningi ezweni lakithi ukudela konke ukuhlakanipha kwengqondo ukuba benze njengabadayisi bemikhiqizo yenkampani eyodwa yezokwelapha."
Ngenxa yokuthi uhlala engaqiniseki lapho ebhekene nokufa kwe-HIV eqhubeka njalo, abaningi baphetha ngokuthi ukuphika i-AIDS kuvele kusebenze imibono yezobupolitiki yakwaMbeki, kumvumela ukuba amukele izinqubomgomo ezingalungile ngokuvumelana ne-"experts" aseNtshonalanga.
Kusukela ekuthunjweni kukaMbeki ehhovisi ngo-2008, kuye kwaba nokuguquka okukhulu eNingizimu Afrika , okwamanje isebenza uhlelo olukhulu lwe-ARV emhlabeni jikelele. Kodwa ngokusho kocwaningo lweHarvard University, ukulibaziseka okubuhlungu ekuphenduleni kwaholela ekufeni kwabantu abangaphezu kuka-340,000, izifo ezintsha ezingu-170 000, nabantwana abangu-35 000 abazalwa ne-HIV phakathi kweminyaka ka-1999 no-2007. Noma kunjalo, uMbeki uhlala engaqondakali, ekhuluma enkulumweni yezindaba ze-Newsweek . NgoMashi 2016:
"Kungani uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika ... kulindeleke ukuthi agxile ekubambeni okuyisishiyagalolunye okuholela ekufeni njengokungathi ukwelashwa okuncane okuphuthumayo futhi kubalulekile izimbangela zokuqala eziyisishiyagalombili zokufa, ngisho nokuhlanganiswa?"
> Imithombo:
Natrass, N. "I-AIDS Conspiracy: isayensi ilwa emuva." Columbia University Press, eNew York City. Kushicilelwe ngo-2012; 225 iphe .; I-ISBN: 9780231149129.
I-Mulwo, A .; UTomaselli, K .; noFrancis, M. "I-HIV / AIDS kanye nezinkulumo zokuphika e-Afrika engaphansi kweSahara: Impendulo ye-Afro-optimist?" Journal International of Cultural Studies. 2012; 0 (0): 1-16.
I-Linzer, J. "Ukufuna Ukukhululwa Kwezengculaza 'Nesifo Sengculaza." Thola. Ngo-Meyi 15, 2008.
Natrass, N. "Ukulinganisa izinzuzo ezilahlekile zokusetshenziswa kwezidambisigciwane eNingizimu Afrika." I-Journal of Immune Deficiency Deficiency Syndrome. Ngo-Disemba 1, 2008; 49 (4): 410-415.
Gaffey, C. "UMengameli waseNingizimu Afrika uThabo Mbeki uqala ngamazwana e-HIV." Newsweek; eshicilelwe ku-Mashi 8, 2016.