Imfuneko Yokuqaphela I-Autism Ishintshwe ngo-2013
Ngo-Meyi 2013, i-American Psychiatric Association yanyathelisa incwadi yokuHlola kanye neStatistical of Mental Disorders (DSM), Version Five, eyaziwa kangcono njenge-DSM-5. I-DSM entsha, njengabo bonke ababengaphambi kwayo, yanezela ukukhathazeka okusha; kuqeda abanye; futhi wenza izinguquko ezinqumweni zokuthola ukuxilongwa.
Njengezinguqulo ezimbili zokugcina ze-DSM, le nguqulo yenza izinguquko ezinkulu ku-autism.
Le nguqulo entsha yaqeda ama-diagnostic angu- four ngaphambi kwe-autism-spectrum : i-Asperger syndrome, i-Pervasive Developmental Disorder engeyona enye into ecacisiwe, i-Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, ne-Autistic Disorder), futhi ishintshwe i-Rett syndrome, isifo sofuzo, isigaba esihlukile. Esikhundleni sezigaba eziyisihlanu zokuxilonga nge-autism, ngakho-ke, kukhona manje nje kuphela: i-Autism Spectrum Disorder. Kodwa-ke, kukhona "amazinga okusekela" amathathu nezincazelo ezihlukahlukene ezitholakalayo ukuze zisebenzise odokotela abahlinzeka nge-autism.
Lokhu kusho ukuthini kubantu abane-autism nalabo abathandayo, abasekela, abafundisayo, noma abaphatha? Nazi izinto eziyishumi ezimangalisa, eziphawulekayo, noma eziwusizo zokwazi mayelana ne-DSM-5 i-autism spectrum disorder.
I-FAQs Mayelana ne-Autism Spectrum Disorder ku-DSM-5
I-autism eyodwa ye-autism isisindo
1. Ingabe abahlengikazi kudingeka ukuba basebenzise i-DSM-5 entsha?
Cha. I-DSM ayikho igunya elingokomthetho kunoma ubani. Kuyinto "umhlahlandlela." Ngakho-ke, nakuba abasebenzi "bakhuthazwa kakhulu" ukuyisebenzisa, futhi kulindeleke ukuba bakuqonde, banelungelo ngokomthetho nangokwemfanelo lokusebenzisa noma yiziphi izinkomba abazikhethayo.
Eqinisweni, ngokusho kuka-Alicia Halladay, i-Autism ikhuluma 'uMqondisi Omkhulu, i-Environmental and Clinical Sciences,' ngenxa yokunye ukuphindaphindiwe ngale nguqulo ye-DSM, kuye kwaba neminye imizamo evela ezizweni ezahlukene ukusebenzisa i-DSM-5. akukho mithetho ngemuva kokusetshenziswa kwe-DSM; kunalokho kuyisiqondiso sohlobo. "
2. Ingabe ochwepheshe bezeMpilo eziPhezulu bavuma ukuthi i-DSM-5 entsha ibonisa ukucabanga okuhle kosuku?
Cha. Kunezici eziningi ezicatshangelwayo, kuhlanganise nekhanda langaphambili leNational Institutes of Mental Health (Thomas Insel) kanye nomunye wabadali be-DSM IV, ocabanga ukuthi i-DSM 5 ayitholanga kahle. UDkt. Allen Frances, udumo lwe-DSM IV, unalo lokhu okusho kumtholampilo ku-athikili e-Huffington Post: "Ukuncoma kwami kwabahlengikazi kulula. Ungasebenzisi i-DSM-5. Akukho lutho olusemthethweni ngakho, akukho lutho olusizo kakhulu kuwo, futhi wonke amakhodi owudinga ukubuyisela asevele atholakala mahhala ku-Inthanethi noma ku-DSM-IV. " Abahlengikazi banalolo khetho.
3. Ingabe Abantu Abaye Babhekana Njalo Njenge-Asperger Syndrome noma i-PDD-NOS Yehlisa Ukuhlolwa Kwabo?
Yebo no-No. Ukuhlonza okusha kwe-ASD kufaka esikhundleni sezinkinga eziyisihlanu zokuqala: I-Asperger syndrome, i-Pervasive Developmental Disorder Ngokungafani Nalokho Okucacisiwe, Ukukhathazeka Kwengane Yokuphazamiseka Kwezingane, ne-Autistic Disorder. Uma une-diagnostic esele ikhona kakade yalezi zinkinga, ucatshangwa ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuthi unesifo sokuxilongwa kwe-ASD. Eqinisweni, uDkt. Bryan King, owasiza ekulobeni i-DSM-5, uthi "Kunesitatimende esibhalwe ku-DSM5 ukuthi 'abantu abanesifo sokuxilongwa kahle kwe-ASD kufanele banikwe ukuxilongwa.'"
4. Amakhodi Ezokwelapha Asebenza kanjani ne-ASD entsha?
I-ASD entsha ithatha ikhodi eyodwa yezokwelapha (ngokungafani namakhodi amaningi anikezwe ngaphansi kwe-DSM IV). Lokhu kufanele kusize abantu abane-Asperger Syndrome ngaphambi kokuhlola kanye ne-PDD-NOS ukuthola izinga lezinsizakalo abadinga. Kodwa akukacaci ukuthi ama-insurers nabanye abahlinzeki bazobhekana kanjani nezicelo ngaphansi kwe-ASD entsha. Njengoba ihlanganisa zonke izifo ze-ASD endala, izinto kufanele zihlale zingaphansi, kodwa ijaji lisaphuma kulolo daba.
5. Iyini i-New "Disorder Communication Disorder?" Ingabe Luhlobo Lwe-Autism?
Abantu abasanda kutholakala noma ukuhlolwa kabusha, futhi abahambisani nemigomo ye-ASD, bangase bavuselele ukuxilongwa okusha: Ukuxilongwa Kwezokuxhumana Komphakathi.
Lokhu kubonakala sengathi uhlobo lwe-"lite" lwe-ASD (ngaphandle kwezinkinga ezizwakalayo noma ukuziphatha okuphindaphindiwe) futhi kufana nezindlela eziningi ku-PDD-NOS endala. Kukhona ukukhathazeka okujulile ukuthi abantu abanalo ukuxilongwa bangase bangafinyeleli izinsizakalo nezesekelo zomthetho ezinikezwe abantu abanezifo ze-ASD.
6. Ukuhluka Kanjani Phakathi Kwabantu abane-Autism kuchazwe ngaphansi kwe-DSM-5 entsha?
Ngokucophelela, noma cha. Ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwamazinga e-ASD kufanele kuchazwe ngabanye, ngabahlengikazi, besebenzisa isethi enzima kakhulu ye "amazinga asebenzayo" kanye "nezincazelo" (njengokungabikho amazwi, okungaqondakali ngokwengqondo, okungaqondakali, nokunye okunye). Nakuba lo mqondo ukhulu (ngemuva kwakho konke, abantu abane-autism bahluke kakhulu komunye nomunye), bambalwa abahlengikazi bathatha isikhathi sokuqoqa lonke ulwazi oludingekayo ukudala ukuxilongwa okuyingqayizivele kwesiguli ngasinye. Ngisho noma benza, kunengozi ukuthi izikole, abahlinzeki, nabahlinzeki bezinsizakalo bazobona i- "ASD," futhi bayeke ukufunda.
7. Kwenzekani ku-Asperger Syndrome?
I-Asperger syndrome ayiphumile, kodwa ayisekho ikhodi yezokwelapha eyingqayizivele. Leli gama lisasetshenziswa futhi lizosetshenziselwa ikusasa elibonakalayo njengethuluzi lokuchaza nokuchaza umphakathi wabantu abanezici ezithile nezinselelo ezithile. Nakhu ukuthi i-Halladay ichaza kanjani ikusasa le-Asperger syndrome: "Abantu abane-Aspergers abafuna ukugcina ukuthi ukuxilongwa kanye nelebula-ngoba kukhona umphakathi okhomba ngalolobuli-siyakusekela lokho. Uma befuna ukusebenzisa lelo ilebuli nobunikazi, kufanele ukukwazi ukwenza lokho.Akuhlangene no-DSM-5. Kungenzeka kungabi yilebuli yokuhlonza. Sine-toolkit ye-Asperger, futhi asishintshi igama: sinezela ulwazi olusha futhi sichaza ukuthi amamephu ungene kwi-DSM-5. Njengoba isikhathi siqhubeka, lelo gama lingase lisetshenziswe noma lingasetshenziswa esikhathini esizayo. "
8. Ingabe inani labantu abane-ASD liyavuka noma liwa nge-DSM-5?
Ngokusho kwe-CDC, akuzange kube nezinguquko eziphawulekayo kusukela ngo-2013 enombolweni yezingane ezixilongwa nge-autism (1:68 e-United States)
9. Abahlengikazi bayoziqhenya kanjani ukuthi izibonakaliso zikhulu kakhulu ukufaka i-ASD i-ASD Diagnosis?
Isimo se-diagnostic state "Izimpawu zidinga ukukhubazeka ngokusebenzayo futhi hhayi okuchazwe kangcono kwesinye isifo se-DSM-5." Kusho ukuthini lokhu? Kubonakala sengathi impendulo izohluka kumtholampilo ngamunye, nesiguli ngasinye. Isibonelo, ukungabi ngamazwi kusobala ukuthi kuyonakalisa ukusebenza, kodwa kunzima ukuqonda amazwi noma ukukloloda nakho kuphazamisa ukusebenza? Abanye odokotela bayothi yebo, abanye bayothi cha.
10. Ingabe i-DSM Version ye-Autism kungenzeka ukuthi ishintshe futhi?
Incazelo ye-DSM ye-autism ishintshile esikhathini esidlule, futhi izoshintsha futhi. Ngesinye isikhathi, kwakukhona "i-autism" kuphela futhi akukho "i-autism spectrum". Kamuva, i-DSM IV ne-DSMIV-TR, i-Asperger syndrome ne-PDD-NOS yanezelwa kumxube. Ngokuthakazelisayo, isizathu sokuthi kungani le nguqulo ye-DSM ibhalwa ngokuthi i-Arabic "5" esikhundleni se-"V" yamaRoma ngakho-ke kuyoba lula ukudala izinguqulo. Lindela ukubona DSM 5.1, 5.2, njalonjalo!
Imithombo:
Ukuxoxisana noDkt. Brian King, ngoJuni 2013. UDkt. Bryan H. King ungumqondisi we-Seattle Children's Autism Center kanye nomqondisi wengqondo yengane nentsha e-University of Washington naseStattle Children's Hospital. Wayengelungu leqembu lomsebenzi elibhekele ukuhlaziya incazelo ye-autism kanye nezifo ezihlobene.
Ingxoxo no-Alicia Halladay, ngoJuni 2013. U-Alicia Halliday ungumqondisi omkhulu, Environmental and Clinical Sciences at Autism Speaks.
U-Allen Frances, MD "Ukuhluleka Okubili Okubulalayo Kwe-DSM-5 Definition of Autism" I-Huffington Post. Juni 16, 2013.
USusan L. Hyman, MD "I-DSM-5 entsha ihlanganisa izinguquko ezihambisana ne-autism criteria." I-American Academy of Pediatrics, ngoJuni 2013.