I-Asperger syndrome, esinye sezifo ezinhlanu ezihlolwe ngaphakathi kwesigaba esibizwa ngokuthi izifo eziphuthumayo zokuthuthukiswa, kwanezelwa ngokusemthethweni ku-American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-IV ) ngo-1994. Lichaza abantu abanefomu ephezulu kakhulu ye-autism .
I-Asperger syndrome isuswe ngokusemthethweni encwadini elandelayo ye-manual, i- DSM-V, ngo-2013.
Namuhla, abantu abanezibonakaliso zalokho okwakuthiwa i-Asperger syndrome manje bathola ukuthi banezinga elilodwa le-autism spectrum disorder (nakuba igama langempela lesi simo lisasetshenziswa kabanzi ngabasebenzi abaningi abangewona wezempilo, futhi lisetshenziswe lapha).
I-Asperger syndrome ihluke kwezinye iziphazamiso kwi- autism spectrum ingxenye ngoba ngokuvamile ihlolwe kubantwana abadala nakwabantu abadala, ngokumelene nezingane ezincane kakhulu. Izingane eziningi ezine-autism eziphezulu kakhulu zithatha izinyathelo zabo zokuqala ezinemibala ehamba ngezinyawo-kuze kube yilapho zifinyelela eminyakeni lapho kulindeleke ukuthi ziphathe ubuhlobo obunzima bomphakathi, izingxoxo, noma izinselele zokuzizwa (ngokuvamile zizungeze ibanga lesi-3, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kamuva).
I- DSM-IV ichaza umehluko ohlukile phakathi kwe-Asperger syndrome nezinye izifo eziphathelene ne-autism, okusho ukuthi:
- "Izici ezibalulekile ze-Asperger's Disorder zikhona ukukhubazeka okukhulu futhi okuqhubekayo ekuxhumanisaneni kwezenhlalo ... nokuthuthukiswa kwemikhawulo yokuziphatha, okuphindaphindiwe kokuziphatha, izithakazelo nemisebenzi ... Ukuphazanyiswa kufanele kubangele ukukhubazeka okuphawulekayo emtholampilo, emsebenzini, noma kwenye izindawo ezibalulekile zokusebenza. Ngokungafani ne- Autistic Disorder , azikho ukubambezeleka okuphawulekayo emitholampilo noma ukungahambi kahle kokutholakala kolwimi (isb., amagama angashadile angakhulumi asetshenziswa ngokukhulumisana ngeminyaka engu-2 ubudala, futhi imishwana yokukhulumisana ngokuzenzekelayo isetshenziswa iminyaka engu-3). ... nakuba izici ezicashile zokuxhumana nabantu (isib., ukunikeza okuvamile nokuxoxa) zingathinteka. "
Nakuba lezi zizwakala sengathi zihlukile kakhulu ekuxilongweni, iqiniso liwukuthi-ngamazwi kachwepheshe we-Asperger syndrome uDkt. Tony Attwood - "umehluko phakathi kwe -autism esebenza kahle ne-Asperger syndrome iningi elisepelini."
Lokhu ikakhulukazi njengoba izingane zikhula futhi umehluko wekhono lolimi lapho uneminyaka emithathu lingabi nalutho.
Ngesikhathi abantu abane- Asperger syndrome noma i-autism ephezulu esebenzayo, imishanguzo iye yaphela, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezifo ezimbili.
Umlando we-Asperger Syndrome
UHans Asperger wayengumhlengikazi wezingane waseVienna owayesebenza neqembu labafana, bonke ababenokuhlukana okufanayo okuthuthukiswa. Ngenkathi bonke behlakaniphile futhi bephethe amakhono olimi avamile, nabo babe nesethi yezimpawu ze-autism-like.
Ngenxa yempi yezwe yesibili, umsebenzi ka-Asperger wanyamalala iminyaka eminingana. Lapho iqala ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1980, yazuza inzuzo enhle. Namuhla, i-Asperger's syndrome-naphezu kokuthi akuseyona isigaba esisemthethweni sokuxilongwa-kusezindaba cishe nsuku zonke.
Ziyini Izimpawu Ze-Asperger Syndrome (I-Level 1 Autism Spectrum Disorder)?
Abantu abaningi abane-autism ephezulu kakhulu abanenkinga ngenkulumo eyisisekelo, futhi bangase bahlakaniphe futhi bakwazi. Izimpikiswano ezivela kubantu ababhekene ne-Asperger's (level 1 autism) zifaka:
- Kunzima ngamakhono omphakathi kanye nokuxhumana (ikhono lokufunda "ulimi" lomzimba, ukuqonda ukudideka, njll)
- Ukuzwela komsindo omkhulu, izibani ezikhanyayo, nokunye okufakwayo kwemizwa
Abantu bangase babe nobunzima nge:
- Izinguquko kumigomo
- Ukukhuluma / ukucabanga ngezihloko ezingenasithakazelo esikhethekile
- Ukucabanga ukuthi abanye abantu bacabangani noma bazizwaphi
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi abantu abane-autism ephezulu abakwazi ukuzwa imizwelo futhi bangaba nomusa kakhulu. Eqinisweni, ngezinye izikhathi bangase babe nomzwelo ngokweqile, bezwele kakhulu, futhi bakhuthele kalula ekubeni nenjabulo, intukuthelo, ukukhungatheka, intshiseko, njll.
Kwezinye izimo, zingase zenziwe ngobuciko futhi zibe ezintsha (nakuba kwabanye, zingase zikhethe isimiso esivamile). Kodwa-ke, kunzima ukuvuka, lapho abantu ekupheleni komkhakha we-autism baqhubekela phambili ngokumelene nemigomo yezenhlalakahle noma okulindelwe okuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kudinga izinga eliphakeme lamakhono okucabanga social.
Uma lokhu kuzwakala sengathi kuchaza abantu abaningi, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqaphela ukuthi umuntu onemikhuba echazwe, kodwa uyakwazi ukusebenza ngokunethezeka empilweni yakhe yansuku zonke, ngeke atholakale ene-Asperger syndrome. Ngamanye amazwi, abantu abaningi banezinye noma zonke izimpawu ze-Asperger syndrome, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi bayakwazi ukuyeka umsebenzi noma umsebenzi esikoleni, bahlanganyele ngokufanele nabanye, futhi banakekele izidingo zabo zansuku zonke, abaxilongwa njengoba sinesimo.
Ngingakwazi yini (noma omunye umuntu engazi) abe ne-Asperger Syndrome?
Ukubeka eceleni ukuthi akukho muntu ongathola ukuxilongwa kwe-Asperger, ungabe noma omunye umuntu owaziyo unayo izimpawu ezifanayo futhi, ngakho-ke, afanele ukuthola i-autism ye-spectrum diagnostic? Ngokuqinisekile kungenzeka, futhi ukuhlolwa okuzimbalwa kuye kwenzelwe ukunikeza umkhondo wokuthi ngabe ukuhlolwa kungase kube umbono omuhle.
I-Cambridge Lifespan Asperger Syndrome Service (i-CLASS), inhlangano e-United Kingdom esebenzelana nabantu abadala nge-Asperger, ithuthukise uhlu oluhlosiwe lwembuzo engu-10 ukuze lusize ngokuzihlolisisa kwangaphambili:
- Ngithola izimo zomphakathi zidideka.
- Ngithola kunzima ukwenza inkulumo encane.
- Angizange ngikujabulele ukubhala indaba ebhalwe esikoleni.
- Ngikulungele ukuqoqa imininingwane namaqiniso.
- Ngikuthola kunzima ukukwenza ukuthi abanye abantu bacabangani futhi bazizwa kanjani.
- Ngiyakwazi ukugxila ezintweni ezithile ngezikhathi eside kakhulu.
- Abantu bavame ukuthi ngangihlukumeza ngisho nalapho bengingahlosi.
- Nginezintshisekelo eziqinile, ezincane kakhulu.
- Ngenza izinto ezithile ngendlela eguquguqukayo, ephindaphindiwe .
- Ngihlale nginenkinga yokuthola abangane.
Uma uphendula ngokuthi "yebo" kule mibuzo eminingi ngokuqondene nawe noma othandekayo, kungenzeka ukuthi uvezile inkinga engaziwa ye-Asperger syndrome / level 1 i-autism spectrum disorder. (Yiqiniso, ingxoxo nochwepheshe wezokwelapha ihlelekile ngaphambi kokufinyelela kunoma yiziphi iziphetho, noma kunjalo.) Kwabaningi abasha kanye nabantu abadala, lokhu kuyisikhulu esikhulu: Kubeka igama kwizinkinga eziye zabakhathaza kuzo zonke izimpilo zabo . Ivula futhi umnyango wokusekela, ukwelashwa, nomphakathi.
Izwi elivela
Kukhona izazi ze-psychologists, izifo zengqondo, kanye nezinye izidakamizwa ezinokuhlangenwe nakho okuqondile okuhlolisisa i-autism ephezulu esebenzayo nakubantu abadala. Lezi zisebenzi ezifanayo zingakwazi ukuncoma izindlela zokwelapha ezifana namakhono omphakathi wokuqeqesha, ukwelapha izinkulumo, ukwelapha emsebenzini, njll. Bangase bakwazi ukukuncoma ekusekeleni kwendawo kanye namaqembu okuzimela.
Kodwa wazi ukuthi akukho nesibopho sokwenza noma yini mayelana ne-Asperger syndrome. Eqinisweni, abantu abadala abadala banomuzwa wokuthi ukuthi "ukuhlambalaza," njengoba abanye abantu bekubiza, kuyisizathu sokuziqhenya. Lawa ayingqayizivele, abantu abaningi abaphumelelayo abavele ... ngokwabo.
Imithombo:
> I-American Psychiatric Association. (2000). I-criteria yokuhlola ye-Asperger's disorder. Encwadini yokuhlonza kanye nezibalo zokuphazamiseka kwengqondo (edition lwesine --- umbhalo wokubukeza (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: Association of Psychiatric Association, 84.
> I-American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Ibhuku lokuhlola kanye nesibalo sokuphazamiseka kwengqondo (5th ed.).
> I-Autism Research Center, uMnyango Wezokuthuthukiswa Kwengqondo, IYunivesithi yaseCambridge. Iwebhusayithi. 2016.
> Ingxoxo noDkt Tony Attwood, Meyi, 2007.