Kubantu abaningi, ngokudabukisayo, indaba ye-autism iqala ngo-Andrew Wakefield.
Iningi labantu liyaqonda ukuthi imibono yakhe yamanga nokucwaninga okuphazamisiwe kuye kwesaba abantu ekugodleni izingane zabo, kodwa kungenzeka futhi kwenza abantu bakholelwe ekuqandeni kwe-autism ehlanganiswe nemigomo.
Abanye abantu baya kuze kube sekungabaza ukuthi bonke abantu abadala be-autistic bakhona uma kungekho isifo esisha se-autism esabangelwa ukwanda kokusetshenziswa komuthi wokugoma.
Umlando we-Autism
Uma uthatha isikhashana nje ukuqonda umlando we-autism, kulula ukubona ukuthi kunabantu abaningi abadala abakuzungezile futhi ukuthi i-autism iye yahlala isikhathi eside.
Indaba yangempela ye-autism ibuyela emuva emashumini eminyaka, uma kungenamakhulu eminyaka. Eqinisweni, uSteve Silberman, encwadini yakhe ethi NeuroTribes: Ifa le-Autism kanye nekusasa le-Neurodiversity , uya kuze athi "abantu abenza izinto ezizimele bahlale beyingxenye yomphakathi wabantu."
Umlando wakamuva kakhulu we-autism (okuhle nokubi ) uhlanganisa:
- U-Oliver Sacks ubhala ukuthi uHenry Cavendish, ososayensi owazalwa ngo-1731, wayenezici eziningi "eziyinkimbinkimbi ye-Asperger's syndrome." (1731/2001)
- UGraham Farmelo, encwadini yakhe ethi "The Strangest Man," uyabhala ukuthi uPaul Dirac, ososayensi owazalwa ngo-1902, kungenzeka ukuthi wayengazi ukuthi i-autism ayitholakali. (1902/2011)
- UGrunia Sukhareva, isifo sengqondo sengane eKiev, eRussia, ubhala ngezingane ezinezici ze-autistic emkhakheni wezesayensi wezengqondo waseJalimane kanye nephephandaba le-neurology. (1926)
- ULouise Despert, isazi sezengqondo eNew York, wabhala ngamacala angu-23 ebuntwaneni besifo somntwana, okunye okwakunezibonakaliso ezifana nesigaba samanje se-autism. (1938)
- UHans Asperger ushicilela ucwaningo lwesayensi lokuqala lwezingane ezine-autism noma i-Autismus, isifundo secala esichaza izingane ezine kuphela, nakuba kucacile ukuthi usebenza nabantwana abayi-100 abane-autism kanye ne-Aspergers syndrome emtholampilo wakhe eVienna. (1943)
- U-Leo Kanner ushicilela "Ukuphazamiseka Okungokwemvelo Kwezokuxhumana," kuchaza iziguli ezingu-11 ezine-autism ezincane ezincane (igama elazihlanganisa ngo-1944) encwadini ethi "I-Child Nervous." (1943)
- U-Kanner umemezela umbono wakhe wokuthi i-autism ibangelwa omama beqhwa (1949)
- U-Lauretta Bender wasebenza nezingane ze-autistic kuma-1950s nangama-1960
- UBruno Bettelheim ubhala incwadi yakhe ethi "Empty Fortress," eqinisa i-theory ye-friji njengesizathu se-autism. (1967)
- E-DSM-I, izingane ezinezimpawu ze-autism zazibhalwe ngokuthi zinezingane ezincane. (1952)
- U-Leon Eisenberg ushicilela iphepha lakhe elithi "The Autistic Child in Adolescence," kulandela izingane ezingama-autistic ezingu-63. (1956)
- I-Autistic Children's Aid Society yaseNyakatho London iyakhiwa (kamuva iba i-National Autistic Society). (1962)
- UBernard Rimland ushicilela incwadi yakhe ethi "Infantile Autism: I-Syndrome kanye Nethonya Yayo Ye-Neural Theory of Behavior." (1964)
- U-Ole Ivar Lovaas uqala ukusebenza ngombono wakhe we-ABA ukwelashwa kwezingane ze-autistic. (1964)
- Isikole saseSybil Elgar siqala "ukufundisa nokunakekela izingane ezine-autism." (1965)
- Iqembu labazali bezingane ze-autistic babenomhlangano wokuqala weNational Society of Autistic Children (manje obizwa nge-Autism Society of America). (1965)
- Ku-DSM-II olusha, asikho isigaba esihlukile se-autism. (1968)
- I-National Society ye-Autistic Children's First Year Congress yenziwa eWashington. (1969).
- Inkantolo yeSomerset iba "isikhungo sokuqala sochwepheshe kubantu abane-autism e-UK." (1972)
- U-Lee Felsenstein, kamuva owahlushwa ukuthi une-Asperger's syndrome, udala ibhodi lokuqala le-electronic - Inkumbulo yomphakathi. (1973)
- Imfundo Yomthetho Wonke Wezingane Ezikhubazekile isungulwa "ukusekela amazwe nezindawo ekuvikeleni amalungelo, ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zomuntu ngamunye, nokuthuthukisa imiphumela" yezingane ezinokukhubazeka, iningi lazo lalingekho esikoleni. (1975)
- U-Lorna Wing usiza ukuthuthukisa 'imibono emithathu yokukhubazeka' yombono we-autism spectrum disorders (1970)
- I-DSM-III ekugcineni ihlanganisa izindlela zokuthola ukuxilongwa kwe-autism encane ngezici ezintathu ezibalulekile. (1980)
- USusan Moreno udala i-newsletter ngeminikelo evela kubantu abane-autism "I-Autidual Autism Newsletter" (kamuva ebizwa kabusha ngokuthi 'abantu abanamandla kakhulu' noma i-MAPP) (1984)
- Umkhulu weThempeli uyabhala 'Ukuvuka.' (1986)
- Ividiyo yomuntu omdala oneminyaka engu-24 ubudala okhishwe yi-autistic ishicilelwe - 'Isithombe somfana osemotweni we-autistic.' (1986)
- I-DSM-III-R iyanezela i-PDD-NOS futhi ineza ukuguquguquka okuncane ukuze kutholakale izingane ze-autistic. (1987)
- I-Autism ifakiwe njengesigaba sokukhubazeka esikwehlukile kubantu abathile abane-Disability Education Act (IDEA), okwenze kube lula ukuthola izinsizakalo. (1990)
- U-Donna Williams, umuntu omdala we-autistic, wabhala incwadi yokuqala yokuqala yezine - "Akekho Akekho." (1991)
- "20/20" kanye neminye imibukiso yenza umbiko ozama ukuxhuma ukungcola kwemvelo kanye ne-autism edolobheni laseLeominster, eMassachusetts, okuthiwa i-autism cluster esheshayo isuswa, kuhlanganise nengxenye yezingane ayinayo ngisho ne-autism kanye ne-don 'Ngisho uhlala endaweni. (1992)
- Inhlangano ye-Autism Network International idalwe yiqembu labantu be-autistic. (1992)
- Ama-subtypes amaningi nezimpawu eziningi zengezwa esigabeni sokuxilongwa kwe-autism ku-DSM-IV. (1994)
- UCatherine Maurice ubhala incwadi ethi 'Ngivumele Ngizwe Izwi Lakho: Ukunqoba Komndeni phezu kwe-Autism' (1994)
- UMichael ungumlingisi we-autistic encwadini ethi 'Microserfs' (1995) kaDouglas Copeland
- Oliver Sacks, MD ubhala 'An Anthropologist on Mars,' okuhlanganisa izindaba eziningana mayelana autistic abantu abadala, kuhlanganise Temple Grandin noStephen Wiltshire. (1995)
- Imbuthano yokuqala ye-Autism Network International yokuqala ye-autistics iqhutshwa. (1996)
- Ukwelapha i-Autism Manje yenziwa futhi ekugcineni ihlangane ne-Autism Ikhuluma. (1995/2007)
- U-Andrew Wakefield ushicilele iphephandaba lakhe eLancet futhi uthi ngeke asasebenzisa ukugonywa kwe-MMR ngenxa yezingozi ze-autism. (1998)
- UJudy Singer ubhala nge-neurodiversity. (1999)
- I-Autism Society ithatha i-Autism Awareness Ribbon Ribbon ngokuthi "isibonakaliso sonke sokuqwashisa kwe-autism." (1999)
- I-Interagency Coordinating Committee (i-IACC) yasungulwa uMthetho wezeMpilo wezingane we-2000.
- U-Karyn Seroussi ubhala incwadi ethi 'Ukuhlukanisa Imfihlakalo Ye-Autism Ne-Disorder's Developmental Disorder: Indaba Yomama Yokucwaninga Nokubuyiswa' (2000)
- Ukukhuluma Ngokuphulukisa i-Autism (2000)
- USteve Silberman ubhala 'i-Geek Syndrome' kumagazini weWired (2001)
- I-DSM-IV TR (2002)
- Amafomu we-Global and Regional Asperger Syndrome (GRASP), inhlangano eqhutshwa abantu abane-Asperger's and Autism Spectrum Disorders. (2003)
- UBernard Rimland, we-Autism Research Institute ne-Defeat Autism Now! ama-protocols, ubhala incwadi ethi "Ukubuyisela i-Autistic Children." Indodana yakhe ye-autistic yazalwa ngo-1956. (2003)
- Iplanethi engalungile, iwebhusayithi ye-autistics, isunguliwe. (2004)
- USusan Senator ubhala ukuthi 'Ukwenza Ukuthula Ne-Autism' (2005)
- U-Ari Ne'eman uqala inethiwekhi ye-Autistic Self-Advocacy Network (ASAN). (2006)
- U-Dora Raymaker no-Christina Nicolaidis baqala ukusebenzisana kwezemfundo ku-Academic Autistic Spectrum KuCwaningo noMfundo (AASPIRE). (2006)
- Ukulwa noMthetho we-Autism (2006/2011)
- U-Amelia Baggs uthumela ividiyo ethi 'Ngolimi Lwami' ku-YouTube (2007)
- Umbiko we-CDC / ADDM uthi ukukhula kwe-autism ku-1 kwabantwana abangu-150 (izingane ezizalwa ngo-1994). (2007)
- UJenny McCarthy uqala ukusebenza noGeneration Rescue, enye inhlangano ecabanga ukuthi imithi kanye nezinye izinto eziphilayo zenza i-autism. (2008)
- U-Alison Singer udedela ku-Autism Ukhuluma futhi uqala i-Autism Science Foundation. (2009)
- Umbiko we-CDC / ADDM uthi ukukhula kwe-autism kuye kwanda ku-1 ku-110 (izingane ezizalwa ngo-1998). (2009)
- UCorina Becker ubhala okuthunyelwe ukuthi kuqale usuku lokuqala lwe-Autistics Talking Day. (2010)
- U-Andrew Wakefield ulahlekelwa ilayisensi yakhe yezokwelapha futhi uvinjelwe ekusebenzeni imithi, ngemuva kokukhipha iphepha lakhe le-autism. (2010/2004)
- U-Julia Bascom uqala i-Project Loud Hands Project. (2011)
- Abantu abaCabangela ukuGqugquzela i-Autism kuqala. (2011)
- U-Paula Durbin Westby uhlela inyanga yokuqala ye-Autism Acceptance, okwenzeka manje ngoMsombuluko. (2011)
- Umbiko we-CDC / ADDM uthi ukukhula kwe-autism kuye kwanda ku-1 ngo-88 (izingane ezizalwa ngo-2000). (2012)
- I-DSM-5 ihlanganisa i-autism, i-Asperger, i-disorder disorder disorder, ne-PDD NOS ibe yi-autism spectrum disorder. (2013)
- Umbiko we-CDC / ADDM uthi ukukhula kwe-autism kuye kwanda kwaba yi-1 ku-68 (izingane ezizalwa ngo-2002). (2014)
- I-Autism CARES Act ka-2014
- USteve Silberman ubhala i-NeuroTribes (2015)
- Umbiko wamuva we-CDC / ADDM uthi ukusabalalisa kwe-autism kuhlala ku-1 ku-68 (izingane ezizalwa ngo-2004). (2016)
Yini elandelayo?
Imithombo
Manouilenko I, Sukhareva - Ngaphambi kuka-Asperger noKannner. Nord J Psychiatry. 2015 Aug; 69 (6): 479-82
Baker, Jeffrey, P. Autism ngo-70 - Ukubuyisela Imingcele. N Engl J Med 2013; 369: 1089-1091
Fellowes, uSam. Ingabe i-Kanner ichaze ngokuqondile i-Akhawunti yokuqala ye-Autism? The Mystery of 1938. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. July 2015, uMqulu 45, Issue 7, iphepha 2274-2276
Feinstein, Adams. Umlando we-Autism: Ingxoxo nabaPhayona.
USilberman, uSteve. I-NeuroTribes. 2015.