Izimvume eziningi ezahlukene; I-Autism Spectrum
I-Autism iyi-"disorder disorder," okusho ukuthi abantu abane-autism bangase babe nezibonakaliso ezincane, ezilinganayo noma eziqinile. Kodwa ingabe bonke abantu abane-autism diagnostic diagnosis bane-disorder efanayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iziphi izimpawu zabo?
Ukuthi Ukuhlolwa Kwe-Autism Kushintshile Kanjani Eminyakeni Yamuva
Kusukela ngo-1994 kuya kuMeyi 2013, i-autism spectrum yayimelelwe yi-autism spectrum diagnostic in the version yesine ye-Manual Diagnostic Manual. Babandakanya i-Asperger syndrome, i-Pervasive Developmental Disorder Ngokungafani Okucacisiwe (i-PDD-NOS), i-Autistic Disorder, i-Childhood Disintegrative Syndrome, ne-Rett Syndrome.
Ngeshwa, lezi zixilongo zazididekile. Akukona nje ukuthi kunzima ukuchaza, kodwa ochwepheshe abahlukile bakhetha ukuxilongwa okuhlukile kweziguli ezifanayo. Ukuze kucacise ukuxilongwa kwabo, abasebenza (kanye nabothisha nabachasayo) basebenzisa amagama anjengokuthi "i-autism enamandla," "i-autism emnene," ne-"autism esebenza kahle". Le migomo, noma kunjalo, akuzona ukuxilongwa kwangempela nhlobo; ziyizincazelo nje. Futhi ngenkathi behloselwe ukusiza abazali nabafundisi kangcono ukuqonda isimo somntwana ku-autism spectrum, udokotela ngamunye wayenombono wakhe walokho "okuncane" noma "okunzima" kungahle kubonakale.
Indlela Esicabanga Ngayo Nge-Autism Namuhla
Ngomhla ka-2013, inguqulo yesihlanu yeNcwadi yokuThola ishicilelwe. Ku-DSM-5, kunomunye "i-autism spectrum disorder." Wonke umuntu one-diagnosis ye-autism, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iziphi izimpawu zakhe, manje usebanjwe ngaphansi kwalesi sifo esisodwa. Amazinga amathathu we-autism, kanye nezincazelo ezifana ne "nonverbal" zenzelwe ukuxilongwa kalula futhi zicacile.
Kodwa lokho akusho ukuthi siyeka ukusebenzisa amagama asebekhulile noma angakahleleki, okunye okucacile okucacile kuno-Autism Spectrum Disorder Level II. Eqinisweni, ngisho nodokotela nezinye izidakamizwa kungenzeka basebenzise imigomo efana ne-Asperger Syndrome ngenkathi besebenzisa ikhodi entsha ye-autism ye-spectrum ngezinhloso zokukhokha.
Siyakwamukela ezweni eliyinkimbinkimbi yezimvume eziningi.
Yini i-Autism Spectrum?
"I-autism spectrum" ichaza iqoqo lokulibaziseka kwentuthuko kanye nokuphazamiseka okuthinta amakhono okuxhumana nomphakathi kanye nokuxhumana futhi, ngokwedlulele noma ngaphezulu, amakhono amakhono kanye nolwimi. Ukuxilongwa okubanzi ukuthi kungabandakanya abantu abane-IQ ephezulu kanye nokuphuza kwengqondo. Abantu abane- autism bangaba nengxoxo noma abathule, abathandekayo noma abandayo, abahlelekile noma abahlelekile.
Kuze kube ngo-May 2013, ukuxilongwa okusemthethweni ngaphakathi kwe-autism spectrum kufaka phakathi ukuphazamiseka kwe-autistic, ukuphazamiseka okuqhubekayo kokuthuthukiswa-hhayi okuchazwe ngenye indlela (i-PDD-NOS), i-Asperger syndrome, i-Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, ne-Rett Syndrome. Namuhla, kukhona i- Autism Spectrum Disorder eyodwa kuphela , enezigaba ezintathu zobunzima - kodwa abahlinzeka abaningi, odokotela, abazali, nezinhlangano baqhubeka ukusebenzisa imigomo efana ne-PDD-NOS ne-Asperger syndrome.
Yiziphi izinkinga eziqhubekayo zokuthuthukiswa?
"I- Disordable Developmental Disorder " iyisimo esihlelekile sokuthi, phakathi kuka-1994 no-2013, kwakusho okufanayo "njenge-autism spectrum disorder." Uma ngabe ingane yakho itholakale ngaphambi kuka-2013 kungenzeka ukuthi uyizwile leli gama kusuka kumhloli noma udokotela, kodwa akusekho ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile.
Kuyini i-Asperger Syndrome?
I-Asperger syndrome ichaza abantu ekugcineni ekusebenzeni okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-autism spectrum. Leli gama - kanye nokuxilongwa - lisuswe ebhokisini lokuxilonga ngo-2013, kepha cishe wonke umuntu emphakathini we-autism uyaqhubeka ukuyisebenzisa ngenxa yokuthi iyasiza ekuchazeni iqembu eliqondile labantu . Abantu abane-Asperger syndrome ngokuvamile bahlakulela ulimi olukhulunywe ngendlela efana nokukhula kwezingane, kodwa babe nesikhathi esinzima ngokuxhumana nabantu. Lezi zinkinga ezibonakala ngokucacile njengoba zikhula nokulindela umphakathi. Ngenxa yokuthi abantu abane-Asperger syndrome bavame ukuhlakanipha kakhulu - kodwa "quirky" - lesi sifo ngezinye izikhathi sibizwa ngegama elithi "geek syndrome" noma "isazi esincane se-professor."
Kuyini Ukuvutha Kwemvelo?
Igama elithi " autism elincane " akulona ukuxilongwa okusemthethweni. Kuyinto nje igama elichazayo kakhulu kune- "Asperger syndrome" noma "i-autism." Ngokuvamile, lapho abantu basebenzisa leli gama elithi autism elincane babhekisela kubantu abanobufakazi babo obuhambisana ne-autism spectrum diagnosis, kodwa ngubani onamakhono aqinile okukhuluma ngamazwi nezinkinga ezimbalwa zokuziphatha. Kodwa labo bantu bangaba nezinkinga ezibalulekile zokuxhumana nabantu. Bangase babe nezinkinga zokubhekana nokufaka okuningi okuzwakalayo (umsindo omkhulu, izibani ezikhanyayo, njll).
Kuyini Ukusebenza Okuphezulu Kwe-Autism?
Njenge-autism "emnene", i-autism ephezulu esebenzayo (ngezinye izikhathi ifinyeleleka ku-HFA) yinto eyenziwe eyenziwe ngokujwayelekile. Ngesinye isikhathi (ngaphambi kuka-2013), leli gama lisetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa "i-autism" "ku-Asperger syndrome." Ukuhlukaniswa okusemthethweni okwenziwe ngabasebenzi ngaphambi kuka-2013 kwaba ukuthi abantu abane-HFA babenezinkinga zokukhuluma ngenkathi abantu abane-Asperger Syndrome benokuthuthukiswa kwenkulumo evamile. Yiqiniso, lezi zinsuku azikho i-Asperger syndrome ... okwenza kube lula ukuhlukana.
Yini i-PDD-NOS?
" Ukukhubazeka Okuthuthukayo Okungakaze Kuvezwe Ngaphandle Kokucaciswa " kunomlomo wamazwi athi, kuze kube ngo-2013, asetshenziselwe ukuchaza abantu abangazange bahambisane kahle nemigomo yezinye izifo ezixilisayo kodwa yize kunjalo. Ngenxa yokuthi ayikho indlela elula yokuchaza izimpawu ze-PDD-NOS, ezingahle zibe phakathi komnene kunzima kakhulu, isigaba sokuxilonga asisekho, nakuba ukuxilongwa okusha, Ukuxilongwa Kwezokuxhumana Komphakathi , kungase kube "isigaba se-catchall" esifanayo.
Iyini i-Autism Enamandla?
I-autism ekhulu akuyona isifo esitholakalayo ngokomthetho; esikhundleni salokho, igama elichazayo kanye ne-autism ejulile, i-autism ephansi yokusebenza, ne-autism yakudala. Abantu abane-autism eyingozi kakhulu bavame ukungabi ngamazwi nangokwengqondo, futhi bangase babe nezinselele ezinzima kakhulu.
Kuyini i-Rett Syndrome?
I-Rett syndrome yisifo esiwumzimba esithinta amantombazane kuphela. Yona kuphela yezinto zangaphambili ze-autism spectrum eziphazamiseka ezingatholakala ukuthi ziyimithi (kuze kube manje) - futhi ngo-May 2013, ayisekho ku-Autism Spectrum. Amantombazane ane-Rett syndrome athuthukisa izimpawu ezinzima kuhlanganise nezinselele zokuxhumana zomphakathi ze-autism. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Rett syndrome ingabangela kakhulu amandla amantombazane ukusebenzisa izandla ngendlela efanele.
Iyini i-Broad Autism Phenotype?
I- autism phenotype ebanzi ihlanganisa nalabo bantu abane-touch merest ye-autism. Ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kuchazwa ngokuthi "kunezimpawu zesithunzi." Izimpawu ezinjalo ezimnene, ezibonakalayo kodwa ezingaphazamisi ukusebenza kwansuku zonke, zivamile phakathi kwamalungu omndeni wabantu abane-autism egcwele. Ingabe lokhu kuyi-autism ngempela? Noma nje uhlobo lomuntu? Njengezinkinga eziningi ezihlobene ne-autism, kuxhomeke ukuthi ubani ocela.