Sizwa okuningi ngomdlavuza, kodwa yini ngempela amangqamuzana omdlavuza futhi ahluke kanjani kumangqamuzana avamile emzimbeni wethu?
Iseli lomdlavuza yiseli eliye lazuza uhlobo lokungafi. Ngokungafani namaseli avamile ayeke akhule ngesikhathi esithize, amangqamuzana omdlavuza aqhubeka ehlukanisa ngaphandle kokulawula. Ngokungafani namaseli ajwayelekile ahlala esifundeni lapho aqala khona, amangqamuzana omdlavuza anakho kokubili ukuhlasela amathisula aseduzane futhi asakaze ezindaweni ezikude zomzimba.
Ngezansi, umehluko phakathi kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza namaseli avamile azoxoxwa.
Izinhlobo
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamangqamuzana omdlavuza njengoba kunezinhlobo zomdlavuza . Ezingamakhulu kanye nezinhlobo zomdlavuza, ngamunye ubizwa ngokuthi uhlobo lomdlavuza olwaqala kuwo. Futhi njengoba nje amagciwane angase aziphatha ngokuhlukile komunye nomunye, akuwona wonke amangqamuzana omdlavuza aziphatha ngendlela efanayo.
Baqala Kanjani?
Amaseli e-Cancer avame ukubunjwa ngemva kokuchungechunge kwezinguquko ezenza ukuba zibe nzima kakhulu. Lezi zinguquko zithathwa njengefa noma ngaphezulu, ezibangelwa yi- carcinogens (izinto ezibangelwa umdlavuza) endaweni yethu. Lo mdlavuza ubangelwa yiyodwa kodwa izinguquko eziningana zichaza ukuthi kungani umdlavuza uvame kakhulu kubantu asebekhulile nokuthi kungani uvame ukwenza izinto eziningi (okusho ukuthi kunezici eziningana ezisebenza ndawonye ukudala umdlavuza.) Kubuye kusize ukuchaza ukuthi izakhi zofuzo zingumdlavuza . I-genetic predtionposition ayisho ukuthi uzothola umdlavuza, kodwa, ngokulula, uma izinguquko ezimbalwa sezivele sezikhona, cishe kuzothatha ukushintshashintsha okuncane okwenziwe iseli ukuze ube nomdlavuza.
Inqubo yamangqamuzana avamile ukuba umdlavuza ngokuvamile uhamba ngezigaba lapho iseli liqhubeka ngokungajwayelekile khona. Lezi zigaba zingafaka i-hyperplasia, i-dysplasia, futhi ekugcineni nomdlavuza. Ungase uzwe lokhu okuchazwe njengokuhlukaniswa. Ekuqaleni kweseli kungase kubonakale kufana namaseli avamile alolo sakhi noma izicubu, kodwa njengoba kwenzeka, iseli liya ngokungahambisani nakakhulu.
Lokhu, eqinisweni, kungani ngezinye izikhathi umthombo wokuqala womdlavuza awukwazi ukutholakala.
Okwenza Bahlukanise Futhi Bakhule
Umsele womdlavuza ungaba nezinkulungwane zezinguquko, kodwa kuphela inani elithile lalezi zinguquko zofuzo emangqamuzaneni omdlavuza abangela umdlavuza ukuba uhlukanise futhi ukhule. Izinguquko eziholela ekukhuleni kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza kuthiwa "ukuguqulwa komshayeli," kanti ezinye izinguquko zibhekwa ngokuthi "ukuguqulwa komgibeli." Igama elithi "oncogenes" lisho izakhi zofuzo eziholela ekukhuleni komdlavuza, futhi zinike umdlavuza wokungafi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izakhi zofuzo ezihlukumezayo ziyizakhi zofuzo ngaphakathi kweseli ezitshela ukuthi amaseli anciphise futhi ayeke ukukhula, ukulungisa i-DNA eyonakalisiwe, noma utshele amaseli ukuthi afe. Iningi lamangqamuzana omdlavuza ashintshile kokubili kwe-oncogenes kanye nezakhi zofuzo eziphefumulayo eziholela ekuziphatheni kwazo.
Amaseli e-Cancer ahambisana namaseli ajwayelekile
Kunezinto eziningi ezibalulekile phakathi kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza namaseli avamile. Ezinye zazo zihlanganisa:
- Ukukhula : Amangqamuzana avamile akhula njengengxenye yokukhula nentuthuko efana nengane, noma ukulungisa izicubu ezimele. Amaseli e-Cancer aqhubeka ekhula (akhiqiza) ngisho noma amanye amangqamuzana engadingeki. Amaseli e-Cancer ahluleka ukulalela izibonakaliso ezitshela ukuthi bayeke ukukhula noma bazibophe ukuzibulala (i-apoptosis) lapho amangqamuzana egugile noma ewonakele.
- Amandla okuhlasela izicubu eziseduze : Amaseli avamile aphendukela emasigneni avela kwamanye amaseli abatshela ukuthi afinyelele umngcele. Amaseli omdlavuza awaphenduli kulezi zibonakaliso futhi angene ezinhlobonhlobo eziseduze kaningi ngamaphesenti afana nomunwe. Lesi yisinye sezizathu ezenza kube nzima ngezikhathi ezithile ukuhlinzwa ngokususa isisu somdlavuza. Igama lomdlavuza, eqinisweni, lisuselwa egameni lesiGreki elithi carcinos for crab, ngokubhekisela kulezi zandiso ezinjenge-claw zibe amathisakhe angomakhelwane.
- Ikhono lokusakazeka (imetastasize) kwezinye izifunda zomzimba : Amaseli avamile enza izinto ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-molecule e-adhesion abangela ukuba banamathele kumaseli aseduzane. Amaseli e-Cancer, engenakho ukuqina okubangelwa yizi-molecule ezinamathele, angaphula futhi aqhubekele kwezinye izifunda zomzimba. Bangase bahambe emathanjeni aseduzane, noma nge-bloodstream kanye ne- lymphatic system ezindaweni ezingaphansi komzimba wesifo somdlavuza-ngokwesibonelo, umdlavuza wesifo samaphaphu ungase uhambe ( imetastimasi ) kuma-lymph nodes, ubuchopho, isibindi noma amathambo .
- Ukungafi : Amaseli avamile, njengabantu, abe nempilo. Lapho befika eminyakeni ethile, bayafa. Amaseli e-Cancer, ngokuphambene nalokho, ahlakulele indlela "yokuphikisa" ukufa. Ekupheleni kwama-chromosomes ethu yisakhiwo esaziwa njenge- telomere . Njalo uma iseli lihlukanisa, ama-telomere ayo abe mfushane. Lapho ama-telomeres eba mfushane ngokwanele, amaseli afa. Amaseli e-Cancer ahlinzekele indlela yokubuyisela ama-telomeres azo ukuze aqhubeke efinyeleleka njengoba iseli lihlukanisa, ngaleyo ndlela, ngendlela, okwenza zingafi.
Ikhono lokuhlaselwa kanye nokwehlisa umzimba kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhlukaniseni iseli lomdlavuza kusuka kuseli eliphilile eliphilayo, kodwa kukhona nezinye izinto eziningi ezibalulekile.
Kungani Umzimba Ungaqapheli Amaseli E-Cancer Njengengavamile Futhi Ababhubhisa?
Umbuzo omuhle uwukuthi, "Kungani imizimba yethu ingaqapheli futhi isuse amangqamuzana omdlavuza njengoba ethanda, ithi amabhaktheriya noma igciwane?" Impendulo yukuthi amaningi amangqamuzana omdlavuza abonakala ngempela futhi asuswe amasosha omzimba wethu. Amaseli amangqamuzana omzimba omzimba okuthiwa amangqamuzana ombulali anomsebenzi wokuthola amangqamuzana abe ajwayelekile ukuze asuswe amanye amaseli esimisweni sethu somzimba sokuzivikela. Amaseli e-Cancer ahlala ephila noma ngokugwema ukutholakala noma ngokuvimbela amasosha omzimba afika endaweni yesehlakalo.
Ikhono lomzimba wokuvikela omzimba ukuqaphela nokuqeda amagciwane omdlavuza kucatshangwa ukuthi libhekene nezenzakalo ezingavamile kodwa ezibhalwe kahle zezinye umdlavuza ezihamba ngaphandle kokwelashwa ( ukukhululwa okukodwa komdlavuza .) Le nqubo ibuye ibuyele e-crux insimu entsha yomuthi wokwelapha obizwa ngokuthi i- immunotherapy .
Ama-Cancer Amaseli Ahluke Kanjani Amaseli Okuqala?
Amaseli okuqala angabonakala engajwayelekile futhi afana namangqamuzana omdlavuza kodwa ahlukaniswa namaseli omdlavuza ngokuziphatha kwawo. Ngokungafani namangqamuzana omdlavuza, amangqamuzana angenawo ama-precancerous awanakho ukusabalalisa (imithi) kwezinye izifunda zomzimba.
Isimo esivame ukudideka yilapho i- carcinoma-in-situ (i-CIS.) I-Carcinoma in situ iqukethe amaseli anezinguquko ezingavamile ezitholakala emangqamuzaneni yomdlavuza, kodwa njengoba zingakaze zisakaze ngaphesheya kwendawo yazo yangempela (noma ngokuqinisekile, azihambanga ngaphezu kwalokho okuthiwa i-embroidered basement,) akuzona umdlavuza ngokomzimba. Njengoba i-CIS ingaba ngumdlavuza, ngokuvamile iphathwa njengomdlavuza wokuqala.
Imicabango Yokugcina
Ukufanisa ukuchaza amangqamuzana omdlavuza bekuyiwo wemoto. Ukukhula kwamaseli kungaboniswa njengemoto enesivinini esiphezulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ama-brakes awasebenzi (amangqamuzana ayiphenduli kumaprotheni amanxeba.)
Singathatha lesi sifaniso isinyathelo esengeziwe. Ukuhlasela kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza kungabhekwa njengemoto ephula isango ibe emphakathini owenziwe umthamo. Amangqamuzana avamile aphendukela emasayini avela kumangqamuzana angomakhelwane athi "lo ngumngcele wami, hlala." Amaseli e-Cancer ahlukile kwezinye izindlela. Njengoba "behlukana" namanye amangqamuzana omdlavuza, konke okuba ngaphezulu kakhudlwana ezenzweni zabo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa okusheshayo), basakaza futhi bahlasele nezinye imiphakathi.
Kodwa njengoba ubugebengu abuzange bube ngaphezu kwe-United States, kunamaphoyisa amaningi (ama-checkpoints) agcina iningi lamaseli emzimbeni emgqeni.
Empeleni kunzima kakhulu ukuba iseli evamile ibe umakhalekhukhwini wesifo somdlavuza. Kumele kube ngendlela engavamile ngezindlela ezenza kube lula ukukhula, ukuvimbela ukukhanda nokufa, ukunganakwa izimpawu zomakhelwane, nokufeza uhlobo lokungafi. Yingakho umdlavuza ungabangelwa ukuguqulwa okukodwa, kodwa kunalokho uchungechunge lwezinguquko. Kodwa sicabanga ukuthi amangqamuzana ezigidigidi emzimbeni wethu ahlukana nsuku zonke, kukhona okumele kuhambe kahle futhi ukuguqulwa kwezinto kwenzeka ngesikhathi esisodwa. Futhi benza, ngenxa yabantu abayizigidi ezingu-1.6 e-United States ngonyaka ngamunye.
> Imithombo:
> Kasper, uDennis L .., u-Anthony S. Fauci, noStephen L .. Hauser. Izimiso zikaHarrison zeMithi yangaphakathi. ENew York: imfundo kaMc Graw Hill, 2015. Print.
> Min, J., Wright, W., noJ. Shay. Ukunciphisa okuhlukile kwe-Telomeres Ehlanganiswe yiMitotic DNA Synthesis Engages Process-Repuced Replication Processes. Biological Molecular and Cellular Biology . 2017 July 31. (Epub ngaphambi kokuphrinta).
> National Cancer Institute. I-SEER Training Module. Cell Biology of Cancer.
> National Cancer Institute. Kuyini umdlavuza? Kubuyekezwe 02/09/15.