Isingeniso se-Organ-by-Organ System
Izitho zamasosha omzimba zivikela umzimba wakho. Ake sibheke isitho ngasinye futhi sifunde ukuthi senzani.
Amasosha omzimba iqoqo lezitho, amaseli kanye nezicubu ezikhethekile ezisebenza ndawonye ukuvikela umzimba wakho ngokumelene namabhaktheriya ayingozi namagciwane (ama-pathogens). Elinye lamakhono athakazelisayo kunawo wonke wesistimu yomzimba omzimba osebenza kahle ukuthi, ngenkathi ivikela ngezinambuzane eziyingozi, inganquma phakathi kwalokho okumele kube khona emzimbeni nokuthi yini engaphandle futhi kufanele ihlaselwe. Isithombe esingenhla sibonisa ezinye zezingxenye ezinkulu, kodwa empeleni ezinye aziboniswa. Lezi ezinye izingxenye ezibalulekile ziyi-tonsils yakho, isithasiselo, inhliziyo nesisu okusebenza konke ukwenza lolu hlelo lokuvikela lusebenze kahle. Njengoba siqala uhambo lwethu lwesistimu, ake siqale endaweni ongayilindele: igazi.
Kugcwele Egazini Lakho
Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi igazi liyahamba nenhliziyo. Igazi lihlobene kanjani nesistimu yomzimba?
Igazi livame ukuhlotshaniswa nenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi okuyingxenye yendlela yokujikeleza. Njengoba ijikeleza kuwo wonke umzimba, amangqamuzana egazi abomvu athatha i-oxygen kuzo zonke izingxenye zomzimba wakho futhi asusa carbon dioxide. Kodwa-ke, bewazi ukuthi igazi lingaphezu kweyodwa uhlobo lweseli?
Kunezinto eziningi ezingxenyeni zegazi futhi ngamunye unomsebenzi ohlukile. Okukhulu kunabo bonke amangqamuzana abomvu aphethe i-oxygen. Kunezicucu ezincane ezinjengezicingo ezibizwa ngamaplatelets ezibalulekile ekugubheni igazi. Enye yezici ezithakazelisayo kakhulu zegazi, futhi isizathu esenza igazi livezwe ekuvakasheni kwesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela, yiwo amangqamuzana egazi elimhlophe. Lezi zingabuye zihlukaniswe zibe yizinhlobo ezinhlanu zamaseli ezivikela umzimba ngokumelene nama-bacteria, ama-virus kanye nama-parasites. Amangqamuzana egazi amiswe okwesikhashana eplasma, equkethe amanzi amaningi ngezici zokugcoba, izakhi ze-cell, ushukela, nama-hormone.
Ungenzi Amabhomu Ngayo, uMarrow Ubalulekile
UMarrow uyisisindo esimhlophe esimhlophe phakathi kwamathambo amaningi. Indawo yendawo ye-stem cell (ngokuqondile, i-pluripotential hemopoietic stem cell), okuvela kuzo izinhlobo eziningi zamaseli egazi. Kuyinto emangalisayo yezinto eziphilayo ukuthi onke amangqamuzana egazini lethu - obomvu, amhlophe kanye namaplatelet - avela kuhlobo olulodwa lweseli oluya kulolu hlobo lwemiphumela ehlukahlukene.
Ukubheka kabanzi Amaseli Egazi
Ingabe yinto kuphela owaziyo ngegazi ukuthi ibomvu? Igazi lakho empeleni lenziwe izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa zamaseli, futhi zonke zazo zibalulekile empilweni yakho.
Nazi imidwebo yamaseli egazini lakho. Ake sibabheke kakhulu, kodwa ikakhulukazi sigxile emaqenjini amhlophe egazi abaluleke kakhulu esimisweni sakho somzimba.
Iseli legazi elibomvu elijwayele, elifanekiselwa ngakwesokudla, libizwa ngokuthi i- erythrocyte . Kwakuyinto yeseli ephilayo, kodwa ngesikhathi ifika egazini lakho legazi kuphela "ibhokisi lezinto eziphilayo" elingathwala okwanele oksijini.
Ngaphansi kwesokunxele yi- plateslet . Uma unqunywe, ama-plateslet ahlangana ndawonye bese enza i-clot yegazi evimba ukuphuma kwegazi.
Amangqamuzana egazi amhlophe yiqoqo lezinhlobo ezinhlanu zamaseli ezijikeleza ukusakazwa kwegazi namathissi omzimba afuna amabhaktheriya, amagciwane kanye nezidumbu. Bobabili baziwa njengamaseli egazi amhlophe noma ama-leukocyte. Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwe-leukocyte yi- neutrophil futhi liyi-front line yomzimba ekuzivikeleni kuma-bacteria ayingozi. Mhlawumbe uye wabona ubufakazi be-neutrophils uma uke wanqunywa. Ukuzungeze ukutheleleka ngokuvamile kuvame uketshezi olubizwa ngokuthi "i-pus" equkethe insalela ye-neutrophils efile.
Ama-monocytes azojikeleza i -blood for a while, kodwa maduzane abe yi-macrophages engakwazi "ukudla" amabhaktheriya emzimbeni ongafanele abe khona. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-macrophages inkulu futhi ikwazi ukufaka umhlasela.
ziwusizo ngokukhethekile njengabaqaphi bama-parasites. Ngenxa yalokhu kuhlangana, odokotela bangase basolise ukutheleleka kwe-parasitic uma unesifo segazi esibonisa inani eliphakeme lama-eosinophil egazini kunejwayelekile.
yiyona encane encane yegazi elimhlophe. Ngaphezu kokulwa nama-bacteria, bahileleka ekukhululeni i-histamine, i-biochemical ekugcineni ekuholeni ekukhuphukeni. Nakuba i-histamine ingaba nemiphumela emibi engafanele, yingxenye edingekayo yokuphendula komzimba.
Akufanekiswanga, yiyiphi uhlobo lwesibili olujwayelekile kakhulu lwe-leukocytes. Ama-lymphocyte atholakala egazini, kodwa futhi ohlelweni lwe-lymphatic. Bahlakulela babe yi-B-lymphocytes noma i-T-lymphocytes futhi banemisebenzi eminingi ekulwa namagciwane kanye nezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane.
Ehlelwe nguRichard N. Fogoros, MD
I-Macrophages: Ukulahlwa Kwemfucumfucuko Yendalo
Ngeke yini kube kuhle ukuba namaseli ahambahamba azungeze egazini lakho futhi adle ama-virus anobungozi namagciwane?
Khumbula i-white cell cell ebizwa ngokuthi i-monocyte? Ngesinye isikhathi ekuthuthukiseni kwayo, kuba i-macrophage, okungukuthi isiGreki esithi "Ukudla Okukhulu." Kuyinto efana nokulahlwa kwemfucuza enamandla okusiza amasosha omzimba ngoba ingadla ngempela (inqubo ye-phagocytosis) abahlaseli bangaphandle, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-microbial noma cha. Nasi umdwebo wephagocyte (macrophage) olungiselela ukufaka ibhethri yonke. Uma i-phagocyte isungeze ibhaktheriya, iyoyibhubhisa ngoku "yokugaya" it. I-Macrophages ilandelela umzimba ufuna noma yini engayidla. Noma kunjalo, ama-macrophage ikakhulukazi abukeka kunoma yini ebhalwe "uphawu olukhethekile." Amanye amangqamuzana egazi amhlophe, ikakhulukazi i-lymphocytes, afaka ama-antibodies kuma-microbes angaphandle aveza kahle ukuthi igciwane liyinto embi edinga ukubhujiswa.
I-Lymph: Uhlobo Lwegazi Nje Uma Lungekho
Umzimba wakho unezinhlelo ezimbili zokujikeleza. Enye ingenxa yegazi kanti enye ingenxa ye-lymph.
Cishe uyazi ngenethiwekhi enkulu yomzimba ye-arteries kanye nemifino. Mhlawumbe kancane kangako ukusabalalisa kolunye uhlobo lwezitsha ezifana nemithanjeni, kodwa hhayi njengokubanzi. Esikhundleni sokuthutha igazi, zithwala uketshezi olucacile olubizwa ngokuthi i-lymph (elibizwa ngokuthi "limf") elifana ne-plasma (ingxenye yetshezi yegazi). Njengoba izakhi zisuka egazini zibe izicubu, isimiso se-lymphism siqoqa lokhu oketshezi (okwamanje okubizwa ngokuthi i-lymph) kanye nanoma yikuphi ukungcola okuhambisanayo bese kuwubuyisela egazini. I-Lymph yindawo enhle yokulwa namagciwane futhi igcwala i- lymphocytes namanye amangqamuzana egazi elimhlophe. Ngaphambi kokuba i-lymph ivuselelwe kabusha egazini, i-lymphocytes isebenza ukukhomba noma yiziphi izinambuzane eziyingozi ukuze zibhujiswe.
I-Lymph Nodes: I-Filter Stations ye-Lymph
Phakathi kwesimiso se-lymphatic kukhona ukuqoqwa kwezicubu ezikhethekile ezibizwa ngokuthi i-lymph nodes. Lezi zindawo lapho kuhlala khona ama-lymphocytes amaningi, angahlasela noma yiziphi izinambuzane ezitholakale ku-lymph njengoba zihlunga nge-lymph node.
Iyini i-Spleen? Nasi i-Ex-Spleen-ation
Buza othile ukuthi athole i-pengu, futhi mhlawumbe uzothola ukubuka okungenalutho ngokubuyisela. Kungenxa yokuthi abantu abaningi abacabangi kakhulu ngengubo yabo, futhi akuvamile, uma kwenzeka, into abakhuluma ngayo. I-spleen iyisitho esenziwe nge-oval esisehlangothini olungaphezulu kwesobunxele besisu sakho, phakathi kwesisu nesifo se-diaphragm. Yilapho amadala, amangqamuzana egazini asele abuyele kabusha. Kodwa-ke, njengoba futhi futhi lapho ama-bacteria ehlungwa khona egazini, yilona isakhi esikhulu kunazo zonke zesistimu yomzimba. Kusobala ukuthi i-spleen iyisitho esingabalulekile. Ungakwazi ngempela ukuhlala ngaphandle kwalo, kodwa cishe uzokwazi ukuthola izinhlobo ezithile zokutheleleka kwamagciwane.
Thymus, Uphi Uthi Wena?
I-thymus, ephakathi kwamapayipi akho nangemva kwe-sternum yakho, yilapho i-T-lymphocytes ikhula khona. Nakuba la maseli egazi amhlophe aqala kusuka emaqenjini ama-stem emnothweni we-bone, aqhubeka ngokukhethekile nama-T-lymphocytes lapha. I "T" empeleni imele "thymus" ukubonisa le mvelaphi. I-thymus iyisitho esithakazelisayo: Nakuba isebenza kubantu abasha kanye nentsha, iyancipha futhi ingasebenzi kakhulu kubantu abadala.