Umlando Wokuhlinzwa
Ukuhlinzwa kokuqala emlandweni kwakungavamile kakhulu futhi kungenzeka ukuthi kwenziwe ngaphandle kokuphelelwa amandla noma ukungazi. Ukuhlinzwa njengoba sazi akuzange kuqale ngempela ngasekupheleni kwe-1800, futhi ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, ukutheleleka kwakuvamile futhi imiphumela yayimpofu. Ngokusho kwemithombo ethile, kwakungakaze kube ngawo-1900 ukuthi ingozi yokufa ngemuva kokuhlinzwa yayingaphansi kwama-50%, kuphela ngemuva kokuphenduka kwekhulu leminyaka kwaba amathuba okuhlinzwa okuqhubekayo kunokushintsha kokufa ngesikhathi noma ngemuva kokuhlinzwa.
Izinqubo zokuhlinzwa ezivamile endaweni yanamuhla, njenge-appendectomies, azizange zenziwe njalo. Eqinisweni, kwaze kwafika ngo-1885, umuntu ophethe i-appendicitis kulindeleke ukuthi afe ngenxa yesifo esasenzeke lapho isithasiselo saphulwa. Amasu okuqala ayedlala, noma ayenamahloni ngamazinga anamuhla, njengoba i-anesthesia yayingavamile ukusetshenziswa kuze kube sekupheleni kwe-1800s.
Namuhla, ukuhlinzeka kuthatha izinhlobo eziningi futhi kuvame ukusetshenziswa ngokusebenzisa amasu amancane. Lokhu kufinyelele izikhathi zokutakula, imiphumela ethuthukisiwe kanye nezinkinga ezincishisiwe zeziguli eziningi.
Ukuze uthole umqondo wokuthi ukuhlinzwa okuningi kuye kwashintsha kanjani, bheka ingqikithi yesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa okukhulu ensimini.
Izimangaliso Eziphawulekayo Emlandweni Wokuhlinza
6 500 BCE - Izinwele ezitholakala eFrance zibonisa izimpawu zokuhlinzwa okubizwa ngokuthi i-trepanation, okubandakanya ukubhoboza umgodi ekhanda.
1540 CE - Abakwa-English nabakwa-English barbers kanye nodokotela ohlinzayo babumbene ukwakha i-United Barber-Surgeons Company.
Labahlinzeki abahlinzeka ngezinyosi benza amazinyo okuzithiba kanye nokuyeka igazi. Odokotela babhekwa njengophethiloli oluhluke ngokuphelele, belapha ukugula ngemithi.
1818 - Ukumpontshelwa kuqala kwegazi lomuntu.
1843 - I-hysterectomy yokuqala eyenziwa, eNgilandi.
1843 - Ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kwe-ether njenge-anesthetic.
1846 - Ukusetshenziswa komphakathi kokuqala kwe-anesthesia ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa.
U-Ether wasetshenzisiwe. Isiguli sasiyazi kodwa asizwa ubuhlungu ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhipha isisu entanyeni yakhe.
1867 - Udokotela ohlinzayo waseBrithani uJoseph Lister ushicilela isimiso se-Antiseptic ku-Practice of Surgery, esidumisa izici zokuhlanzeka ekuhlinzekeni. Inani lokufa kweziguli ezihlinzayo liwela ngokushesha.
1885 - I-appendectomy yokuqala ephumelele eyenziwa, e-Iowa.
1890s - Ukusetshenziselwa kwamakhemikhali amaningi ukuncipha amagciwane. I-carbolic acid yabekwa phezu kokunciphisa ama-germs nokwehlisa izinga lokutheleleka.
1893 - Ukuhlinzwa kwepilisi okuphumelelayo yokuqala eyenziwe, Hospital Provident, Chicago. Ukuhlinzwa kwakulungiselela i-pericardium, isikhwama esizungeze inhliziyo. Abaningi ababheki lokhu ukuthi yiyona "yokuhlinzwa inhliziyo" ephumelelayo okokuqala ngoba inhliziyo ngokwayo ayisebenzikanga.
1895 - I- X-ray yokuqala eyenziwa, eJalimane.
1896 - Ukuhlinzwa kwenhliziyo okuphumelelayo okokuqala, eJalimane. Odokotela abahlinzayo balungisa isilonda sokugwaza emisipha ye-ventricle efanele.
1905 - Ukufakelwa kokuqala kwe-cornea okuphumelelayo.
1917 - Ukuhlinzekwa kokuqala kwepulasitiki okuqoshiwe, okwenziwe ngomkhumbi wesiNgisi oshisayo.
1922 - I-insulini yokuqala isetshenziselwa ukwelashwa kwesifo sikashukela, okuvumela abantu abanesifo sikashukela ukuba basinde ngemva kokuxilongwa.
1928 - Ama-antibiotics atholakele.
1930 - Indoda yaseJalimane inokuhlinzwa kokuqala kobulili (kumuntu wesifazane).
1937 - Ibhange lokuqala legazi livuleka, lisize ukwenza ukuhlinzeka okwengeziwe ngokukhipha igazi ngesikhathi senqubo.
1940 - Ukuhlinzwa kokuqala kwe-hip esikhundleni sokuhlinzwa.
Ama-1950s - Izinqubo zokuqala ze-LASIK ezenziwa, e-Columbia.
1950 - Ukufakelwa komzimba wokuqala ophumelelayo. Umamukeli wezinso wenqabe isitho ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili.
1952 - Ukuhlinzwa kokuqala kwenhliziyo okuphumelelayo lapho inhliziyo imisiwe futhi iqala kabusha.
1953 - Ukuhlinzwa okuphumelelayo kokuqala usebenzisa umshini we- heart-lung bypass .
1954 - Ukufakelwa kwezinso zezinso zokuqala kwezinsolo eziphumelelayo zokuqala, izinso zanikezwa umfowabo wewele. Umamukeli waphila iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili emva kwenqubo.
1966 - Ukufakelwa kokuqala kwe-pancreas okuphumelelayo.
1967 - Ukufakelwa kokuqala kwesibindi ngempumelelo.
1967 - Ukuhlinzekwa kokuqala kwenhliziyo eyenziwa yi-South African Christian Barnard. Umamukeli wenhliziyo wasinda ezinsukwini ezingu-18 waze wahlukunyezwa yi-pneumonia.
1975 - Ukuhlinzwa kokuqala komzimba kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa i- laparoscopic , noma inqubo encane engavamile.
1978 - Ukuzalwa kokuqala kwe-"tube-tube" kuzalwa.
1982 - I-Jarvik-7 inhliziyo yokufakelwa esetshenzisiwe.
1984 - I-Baby Fae isaphila ezinsukwini ezingu-21 ngemuva kokufakelwa inhliziyo yenhlanzi.
1985 - Ukuhlinzwa kokuqala nge- robotic.
1999 - Ukufakelwa kwesandla sokuqala okuphumelelayo (iziguli zangaphambilini zazinqatshelwe ama-grafts).
Uhlelo luka- 2000 lwe- da Vinci lwe-robotic luthola ukugunyazwa kwe-US Food and Drug Administration. Uhlelo lusetshenziselwa izinqubo ezihlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi ukuhlinzekwa kwe-prostate kanye ne- coronary artery overpass .
2007 - Isiqalo sokuqala sokwemvelo esihlinzekwa ukuhlinzwa okuphelile. Le nqubo isebenzisa ukuvulwa komzimba wemvelo, njengomlomo, ukufaka izinsimbi nokunciphisa izikhathi zokutakula.
2008 - UConnie Culp unokufakelwa ubuso okugcwele okuphelele okuseduze kwe-United States, okwenziwa eThe Cleveland Clinic.
2010 - Ukufakelwa kokuqala ubuso okugcwele emhlabeni jikelele, okwenziwe eSpain.
2013 - Inqubo yokudlulisa izinzwa inikeza isiguli esiyisifo esibuhlungu ukuba sikwazi ukuhambisa isandla.
Izwi elivela:
Ukwelashwa kuyaqhubeka nokuguquka, nesayensi yenza intuthuko enkulu cishe nsuku zonke. Njengoba isayensi nokucwaninga kuholela emasu amasha okuhlinzeka futhi aphuthumayo, iziguli zinemiphumela engcono, ukubuyiselwa ngokushesha futhi ubuhlungu obuncane.
> Imithombo:
> Ukuhlinzwa kwenhliziyo. I-Baldwin, i-Elefteriades, ne-Kopf. http://www.med.yale.edu/library/heartbk/25.pdf
> Umlando wokuThuthukiswa-Isikhathi. I-Organtransplants.org Ifinyelele ngoDisemba, 2011. http://www.organtransplants.org/understanding/history/index.html
> Izinsiza Zokuhlinza: Umlando Wokuhlinzwa. I-Technologist yokuhlinza. Kufinyelelwe ngoDisemba, 2011. http://www.surgicaltechnologist.net/resources/surgical-resources-the-history-of-surgery/