Umlando walolu hlobo oluphikisanayo lwe-Psychosurgery
Leli gama elithi psychosurgery lichaza ukusungulwa kokuhlinzwa ukushintsha isimo somunye umuntu, imicabango, noma ukuziphatha. Inkambiso edume kakhulu (noma ehloniphekile) yi-lobotomy yangaphambili. Etholwe ngo-1935, i-lobotomy ihilela ukusika ukuxhumana okukhulu phakathi kwe-prefrontal cortex nayo yonke ingqondo.
Ama-lobotomi ayingxenye yokwelapha okusha kwezifo ze-neurolo ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kuhlanganise nokwelashwa kwe-electroconvulsive (therapy the shock).
Ngenkathi ukwelashwa kwakunzima kakhulu, kwakubonakala sengathi kwakungekho ngaphezu kwamanye amayeza atholakalayo ngaleso sikhathi. I-lobotomy yayiyinkambiso ejwayelekile emashumini amabili eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba iphikisana. Nakuba manje kungavamile, kunezinye izimo lapho ezinye izinhlobo ze-psychosurgery zisenziwa namuhla.
UMdali Wezokwelapha
Umklomelo we-Nobel we-1949 wePhysiology noma uMuthi wezokwelapha waya ku-neurologist u-Antonio Egas Moniz wasePortugal ngenxa yokudalwa kwenqubo yokuphikisana. Ngenkathi abanye ngaphambi kokuba uDkt. Moniz enze imizamo yokuhlinzwa okunjalo, impumelelo yabo yayinganiselwe futhi ayitholanga kahle umphakathi wezokwelapha.
Indlela Esebenza ngayo
Inkolelo yesayense ngemuva kwemibono, njengoba kuchazwe uDkt. Moniz, iyavumelana neuroscience namuhla. Umcabango wawuwukuthi kwakukhona isifunda esinqunyiwe esakhiwa ngamangqamuzana angamazinyo ebusweni babantu abathile, futhi kwakuyiyona ndlela eyabangela izimpawu.
Lokhu kugxila emiphakathini ye-neural nokuxhumeka, kunokuba kuyingxenye eyodwa yobuchopho, ihlala ihambisana neuroscience yekhulu lama-21.
Akucaci ukuthi kungani uDkt. Moniz egxile kwi-lobes yangaphambili, kodwa kwakunebufakazi ngesikhathi lapho lobe yangaphambili ingabhalwa khona ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa okusobala, kanti abanye abantu baye babhekisela enkambisweni efanayo njengoba kwenziwa enkambeni, ngemiphumela yokutholisa .
Ngaphezulu kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, isayensi isanda kubonakala ukuthi i-lobes yangaphambili inendima ekuguquleni komcabango nokuziphatha.
Inqubo yokuqala, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-leucotomy, ihileleke umjovo utshwala ube yingxenye ye-lobes yangaphambili ukubhubhisa izicubu ngemuva kokubhoboza umgodi nge-skull. Inguqulo yamuva yenqubo yehlisa izicubu zobuchopho nge-wire loop. Ekucwaningweni kokuqala kwenqubo, iziguli ezingu-20 ezixilongwa njengezinhlobonhlobo njengokucindezeleka, i-schizophrenia, i-panic disorder, i- mania, ne-catatonia zafakwa ngaphansi kwe-lobotomy. Imibiko yokuqala yenkambiso yayihle: Amaphesenti angaba ngu-70 eziguli ezaphathwa nge-lobotomy zithuthukisiwe. Kwakungekho ukufa.
Ama-Lobotomi aqala e-United States
E-United States, ama-lobotomi angaphambili ayenyuka ethandweni ngenxa yemizamo yezinzwa zezilwane uWalter Freeman kanye neurosurgeon uJames Watts. I-lobotomy yokuqala eMelika yenzelwa uFreman noWatts ngo-1936. Inqubo yokuqala kwakufanele yenziwe ngamagciwane we-neurosurgeons egumbini lokusebenzela, kodwa uDkt Freeman wacabanga ukuthi lokhu kuzokwenza kube lula ukufinyelela enkambisweni kulabo abasesikhungweni somqondo abangase bazuze i-lobotomy. Wakhulelwa ngenqubo entsha eyayingenziwa odokotela kulawo maziko ngaphandle kwesigaba sokusebenza.
Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, uDkt. Watts wayeka ukusebenza noDkt. Freeman ngaphandle kokubhikisha ekunciphiseni kwenqubo.
I-lobotomy "ye-transorbital" eyenziwe nguDkt. Freeman, ihilela ukuphakamisa ijwabu leso eliphezulu futhi ikhomba ithuluzi elincane elincane elibizwa ngokuthi i-leucotoma ngokumelene nekhanda leso. I-mallet yasetshenziselwa ukushayela ithuluzi ngethambo, namamentimitha amahlanu ebuchosheni. Ezinguquko eziyisisekelo ze-lobotomy, le nsimbi yabe isigxiliwe ukuze ibhekane ne-hemisphere ehlukile, ibuyele endaweni engathathi hlangothi, iphinde ikhiphe amanye amasentimitha amabili ngaphezulu, lapho iphinde iphindwe khona ukuze iqhubeke nokusika izicubu zobuchopho.
Inqubo yabuye yaphindwa ngaphesheya kwekhanda.
Okungafisi futhi Okungahle Kulindeleke Imiphumela Yecala
Kwasetshenziswa ama-lobotomi angaphezu kuka-40,000 e-United States. Izizathu ezifakiwe zihlanganisa ukukhathazeka okungapheli, ukuphazamiseka okucindezelayo nokucindezeleka, kanye ne-schizophrenia. Izincwadi zesayensi ngaleso sikhathi kubonakala sengathi zibonisa ukuthi inqubo yayiphephile kakhulu, ngezinga eliphansi lokufa. Kodwa kwakunemiphumela emibi eminingi engeyona eyingozi, kuhlanganise nokunganakwa kanye nokungaboni kahle ubuntu.
Inqubo Yezokwelapha Ezingavumelaniyo
Ngisho nangama-1940, ama-lobotomie angaphambili ayengumphikisana okhulayo. Ukuziphendulela ngokungenakuguquka ubuntu bomunye umuntu kwacatshangwa yiziningi ukuba ziqede imingcele yokwenza okuhle kwezokwelapha nokungahloniphi ukuzimela komuntu nokuzimela kwakhe. Ngo-1950, i-Soviet Union yavimbela lo mkhuba, yathi "yayiphikisana nemigomo yesintu."
E-United States, ama-lobotomie ayevezwe emisebenzini eminingi ethandwayo yezincwadi, kuhlanganise no-Tennessee Williams's Suddenly, Last Summer no-Ken Kesey's One Flew Ngaphezulu kwe-Nest Cuckoo . Le nqubo ibuye ibhekwe njengendlela yokuhlukumeza ngokweqile kwezokwelapha kanye nokwehliswa kwe-hubris yezokwelapha. Ngo-1977, ikomidi elikhethekile le-US Congress lihlolisise ukuthi ingabe ukuhlinzwa kwengqondo okufana ne-lobotomy kwakusetshenziselwa ukuvimbela amalungelo ngabanye. Isiphetho ukuthi ukuhlinzwa kwengqondo okwenziwe kahle kungaba nomphumela omuhle, kodwa kuphela ezimweni ezilinganiselwe kakhulu. Ngaleso sikhathi, lo mbuzo wawuvame ukuqhuma, njengoba inqubo ishintshwe ngokunyuka kwemithi yengqondo.
Ngaphansi
Umlando okhukhumeleko we-lobotomy ukhuthaza ukukhumbuza abahlengikazi bezokwelapha kanye neziguli zezinkinga zokuziphatha eziyingqayizivele emithi, ikakhulukazi neurology. Ngokuyinhloko, abantu abenza ama-lobotomies bangase baqinisekise ukuthi izenzo zabo zithandeka kakhulu isiguli. Babeshukunyiswa ububele ukuthi, ngezindinganiso zanamuhla, kungase kubonakale kungalungile futhi kungalungile. Yimiphi imikhuba yezokwelapha yanamuhla esizoyibuka ngosuku olulodwa futhi sigxumeke ?