Indlela Yokuhlukanisa Isayensi Ye-Dodgy From Fact Factory
Ukukhwabanisa kwezokwelapha kuchazwa ngokucacile njengendlela yokugcizelela amanga njengento yezokwelapha. Akukwenziwa ngaso sonke isikhathi ngenhloso yokuthola imali kepha kaningi ukuxubha noma ukuphikisana ngokuvumelana nezikholo noma izintandokazi zakho siqu.
Batshela-Tale Izimpawu ze-Quackery Yezokwelapha
Ngokuvamile iziqu zokwelapha zibonisa ukuthi zinamakhono noma ukuqonda okubafanelekayo njengabachwepheshe noma izimfihlo ezivuliwe abahulumeni namabhizinisi abafuna ukuzivimbela ngokuqinile.
Ngokuvamile benza amacala aqinisekisayo, futhi aphethe iziqinisekiso zobuchwepheshe ezibahlinzeka ngokuhlonipha.
Ukukhwabanisa kungadluliselwa kubantu ngabanye noma ngamaqembu aphika isayensi ("abaphikisi"), ozoqinisa imibono yabo ye-contrarian ngokukhetha ngokukhetha ukuthi yiziphi izingcezu zesayensi ezamukelekayo nokungazinaki. Kungabandakanya ngisho nabakhiqizi bemikhiqizo ethile kanye ne-supplements, abafakazela ngokuqondile izinzuzo zezokwelapha ezingakaze zenziwe.
Naphezu kwemizamo eyenziwa yi-US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ukulimaza lezi zinkinga, i-intanethi namhlanje ihlaselwe imikhiqizo nezinhlelo ezibiza ukuthi zelapha-futhi zelapha-konke okuvela emdlalweni wesifo sikashukela kuya ku- AIDS .
Inkinga ngokuqhaqhazela ukuthi leyo nkulumo ibonakala ibonisa ukuthi kukhona okungahle kwenzeke, kutholakale kalula futhi kulula ukuxoshwa. Kodwa iqiniso elilula ukuthi iziqu zezokwelapha ziphumelela ngokufakazela ukungabaza nokwesaba kwabantu abasengozini, bethembisa uhlobo lwezokwelapha eziqinisekisiwe ukuthi isayensi ngokuvamile ayikwazi.
Ukufaka iqiniso lwezokwelapha nge-pseudoscience ngezinye izikhathi kungaba yinkimbinkimbi. Kodwa-ke, kunezinkomba eziningi zokutshela ukuthi uzithembele lapho ubhekene nesayensi engaqiniseki noma engabaza.
Ama-Dodgy References
Ukuze ukwanelise ukuhlolisiswa kokubuyekezwa kokuziphatha, ososayensi bezokwelapha bazobhekisela kuzo zonke izici zocwaningo lwabo ekunciphiseni imininingwane, okuvumela oontanga ukuthi baqonde kahle ukuthi iziphetho zithathwe kanjani.
Yingakho ukufaka iphakethe yezidakamizwa kude kakhulu futhi kunzima-hhayi nje ukudlulisa umthetho wezomthetho kodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke ubufakazi obufanele buyatholakala esidlangalaleni ngisho noma wena, njengomthengi, engakwazi ukuyiqonda ngokugcwele.
Akwanele, isibonelo, ukwamukela ukuthi "odokotela abayisithupha kwabahlanu bahlolisisa" ukusekela umkhiqizo othize ngokwazi ukuthi bangaki odokotela abahlolisisiwe; yiziphi izinhlobo zemibuzo ezacelwa; ngubani owasekela ucwaningo; futhi lapho kukhishwa khona ucwaningo. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi uma kuyimfuno enkulu yezokwelapha.
Izindleko zezokwelapha zivame ukungashiyi izinkomba zezokwelapha kusuka ocwaningweni lwabo noma zinikeze abantu abadinga usizo lokuthola imibiko yangempela (isibonelo, ngokufaka uhlu olusha lwe- New England Journal of Medicine, 2014 nokunye okunye).
Elinye iqhinga elisetshenziswe kalula ngama-quacks yizikhombisi-mthombo ezilodwa, okusho uhlu lwezifundo ezikhiqizwa umuntu oyedwa noma inhlangano. Ngokuvamile lokhu kwenziwa yibo abathengisa umkhiqizo, noma yihlangano ebambisene engazange idalulwe ngokuqondile ukuxhumeka kwabo ocwaningweni.
Lokhu akusho ukuthi wonke umkhiqizo noma isengezo ohlangabezana nazo udinga uhlu lwezinkomba zezinkomba ukuze kubhekwe njengabangempela. Kodwa uma kwenzeka ubhekene nesimangalo sezokwelapha esibonakala sihle kakhulu ukuba singaba yiqiniso, zibuze: uphi ubufakazi obungokoqobo?
Ukwelashwa Kwezokwelapha-Zonke
Njalo usola nganoma imuphi umkhiqizo, idivaysi noma uhlelo oluthembisa ukwelashwa kuzo zonke izifo ezikhona. Lokhu kuvame ukubonwa ngezixazululo ezingenasisindo ze-HIV ezibhekisela ekuqiniseni ukuphendula komzimba komuntu, izimiso zazo ezisetshenziselwa noma yiziphi izifo ezihambisana nezifo ezingahlotshaniswa.
Uma umkhiqizo ubiza ukuthi ukwelapha, isibonelo, i-HIV, umdlavuza, nesifo senhliziyo, okuyisisekelo salesi simangalo yisiphakamiso sokuthi i-pathogenesis yalezi zifo ngokufanayo-futhi akunjalo nje
Ngokuqinisekile, kunezidakamizwa eziningi emakethe enesisetshenziswa esingaphezu kweyodwa (i-aspirin, isibonelo).
Kodwa uma noma yimuphi umkhiqizo uzikhuthaza ngokuzikhandla njengokwelapha (noma ukunciphisa umthelela we) izifo eziningi ezingathandeki, qaphela.
Ubufakazi bezokwelapha noma ama-anecdotes
Ukufakaza kwezokwelapha kuyinkinga ngisho nokukhangisa kwezidakamizwa zesikhashana, lapho umuntu eyofaka khona, ku-TV noma ukuphrinta isikhangiso, ukuthi umuthi othile noma umkhiqizo uthuthukise kanjani impilo yakhe. Kungumkhuba ongathandeki ukuthi thina, njengabathengi, siphila nsuku zonke futhi enye ngezinye izikhathi ihlanganisa umugqa omuhle phakathi kokukhangisa nokuphoqelela.
Kungumkhuba ofanayo njalo owakwamukela abacwaningi abathintekayo. Esikhundleni sokunikeza isayensi ekhonjisiwe ukusekela izimangalo zabo, ngokuvamile izinkolelo zizotholakala kuphela ebufakazini bokuqala noma ubufakazi obusuka enhliziyweni njengobufakazi bemikhiqizo yabo eyiqiniso.
Ngakho-ke, ubuza kanjani, umuntu angasho ukuthi umehluko phakathi kwesayensi ye-quack nesayensi yangempela uma sibona indlela efanayo ekuthathweni kwezimboni zezimonyo nezokudla, isibonelo? Umbuzo omuhle futhi uvame ukuqina.
Okokuqala, zikhumbuze ukuthi izimonyo, amavithamini, nezithako zilawulwa ngokuhlukile kunezidakamizwa zemithi, okugcina okudinga ukuvivinya okunamandla kokuthola imithi ukuze uthole imvume ye-FDA.
Kuyinto eyodwa yokuthi umkhiqizo uthathe ukuthi uzomomotheka ngokucacile nesikhumba esingcono uma uyisebenzisa. Kungenye uma umkhiqizo ubiza ukuthi ukwelapha noma ukwelapha isifo esithile. Uma kwenzeka uhlangana nomkhiqizo onjalo, thatha noma yibuphi ubufakazi obubonayo ngotshani kasawoti. Sebenzisa isinqumo sakho esihle kakhulu, futhi kungcono, nokho, thintana nodokotela wakho ukuze uthole iseluleko.
"Amakhulu Eminyaka" Ebufakazi
Ukuthandwa kwezidakamizwa ze- homeopathic nemithi yendabuko efana namakhambi aseShayina ngokuvamile asekelwa yiziphi izisebenzi ezizosikhumbuza zingamakhulu eminyaka yobufakazi. Futhi lokho kulungile. Ukuthi umkhiqizo othile noma inqubo ethile yamukelwa yizigidi ngaphezu kwezizukulwane siphakamisa izinzuzo ezingalungile ukuxoshwa ngokuqondile.
Ngisho naphakathi kwabasebenzi be-HIV, imikhiqizo eminingi yemvelo ivame ukusetshenziswa, kuhlanganise, isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-capsicum (isakhi esitholakalayo ku-pepper) okunganciphisa ubuhlungu obuhlobene nokungazweli komzimba okubangelwa izidakamizwa.
Kodwa iqiniso lokuthi kukhona okuye kwadlula amakhulu eminyaka akuguquleli njalo emakethe enkulu yabathengi. Sasikubone lokhu nge kava kava, isitshalo esetshenziswa kakhulu eNingizimu Pacific ngenxa yezinto zayo eziphumule neziphikisayo. Ifomu elivela, elithengiswa phezu kwe-Europe naseNyakatho Melika, kuthiwa liholele ekufeni kwabantu abaningi ngenxa yezinyosi ezibangelwa yivava. Ngenxa yalokho, amanye amazwe aye avimbele ukuthengiswa komkhiqizo nganoma yiluphi uhlobo.
Iqiniso lokuthi kukhona okuye kwadlula amakhulu eminyaka akukhona, futhi ngokwakho, ukugunyazwa kwezinzuzo zayo. Ngenkathi kukhona indawo enkulu kakhulu yokwelashwa okuhambisanayo , okubandakanya ekwelapheni kwe-HIV , ungaxoshwa yizikhangiso ezisekela izimangalo zabo "ekuhlakanipheni kwasekuqaleni" noma kungakanani emakethe umkhiqizo ukhona.
Yenza ucwaningo lwakho, futhi utshele udokotela wakho uma uke wanquma ukusebenzisa noma yiluphi uhlobo lwemithi ehambisanayo.
"Isayensi Asikwazi Konke"
Lena yinto eyodwa lapho ochwepheshe bezokwelapha kanye nezicukuthwane abangavumelana ngazo: isayensi azi konke. Futhi yilokho iphuzu. Inhloso yesayensi yezokwelapha ingukuthi nje ukubika lokho okutholayo ekucwaningweni kodwa lokho ongayitholi. Ukuthi okuthile okuboniswa ukuthi akuhambisani naso akusho ukuthi kuyiphutha ngokwemvelo. Kusho nje ukuthi thina, njengomphakathi wesayensi, asazi.
Okufanayo akukwazi ukusho ngenxa yesayensi ye-quack. Ngenhliziyo yayo, i-quackery ibonakala ngokuxoshwa kwesayensi yendabuko ngumuntu noma iqembu, ngenkathi yenqabe ukuvuma noma yikuphi ukungabaza mayelana nokusebenza kocwaningo lwabo siqu. Ayikho indawo yokungena; akukho ukungaqiniseki okufanele kuhlolwe. Ukuyeka ukuveza "isayensi" yabo njengobufakazi ngenkathi ukudweba njengababikezeli beqiniso abacindezelwa nguhulumeni, izinkampani noma ukwakhiwa kwezokwelapha.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile, i-vein of conspiracy ihamba ngezimpikiswano zazo eziningi, futhi leyo yinkinga. Ngokuqamba imikhiqizo yabo ngendlela efana nalokhu-njengokuthi "iqiniso elisha" noma "ukudalulwa ngasese" -kukhona okuhloswe ukwehlisa ukuzethemba komuntu ongekho kuphela kwisayensi yokuziphatha kodwa ohlelweni lwezempilo.
Ngokuziveza izinto ozikhathazayo siqu-imizwa emibi ongase uyibeke ngohulumeni, iziphathimandla zempilo noma imithi ngokwayo-ungakwazi ukwahlukanisa isayensi nokuziqhenya kangcono futhi ugweme ukuwela phansi kwemikhiqizo echitha imali yakho noma, nakakhulu okwamanje, yenza okuhle kwakho impilo engozini.
Imithombo:
I-US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). "Indlela i-FDA ihlola ngayo imikhiqizo elawulwayo: izimonyo." I-Silver Spring, e-Maryland.
I-US Library ye-Congress. "Umbhalo Wezinkokhelo - I-103rd Congress (1993-1994) S.784.ES - UMthetho WezeMpilo NezeMfundo ka-1994 ." I-Washington DC; eshicilelwe ngoJanuwari 25, 1994.
Ilabhulali Kazwelonke Yezokwelapha yase-US. Umlando Wezidakamizwa - Kava Kava (Piper methysticum). " Bethesda, Maryland.
UHaanpää, M. no-Treede, R. "I-Capsaicin ye-Pain Neuropathic: Ukuxhumanisa Imithi Yendabuko ne-Biology Biology." I-Europe Neurology. Novemba 2102; 68 (5): 264-275.