Imithombo Yezinguquko Ezinkulu Emithi
Incazelo elula yedatha enkulu emithi "yinto ephelele yedatha ehlobene nokunakekelwa kwezempilo kanye nesimo senhlalakahle" (Raghupathi 2014). Kodwa yiziphi ngempela lezi zinhlobo zedatha, futhi zivelaphi?
Okulandelayo kuboniswa kabanzi kwezinhlobo nemithombo yedatha enkulu yenzuzo kubanikezeli bezempilo, abacwaningi, abakhokhi, abenzi bomgomo kanye nembonini.
Lezi zigaba azihambisani ngokukhethekile, ngoba idatha efanayo ingavela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene.
Futhi lolu hlu aluphelele, ngoba ukusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kwezinguquko ezinkulu zedatha kuzokuqhubeka nokwandisa.
Izinhlelo Zokwaziswa Zomtholampilo
Lezi imithombo yendabuko yedatha yemitholampilo abahlinzeki bokunakekelwa kwezempilo bajwayele ukubuka.
- Amarekhodi ezempilo e-elekthronikhi (i-EHRs) aqoqa, agcine, futhi abonise ulwazi olufana nemininingwane yabantu, umlando wezokwelapha odlule, izinkinga zezokwelapha ezisebenzayo, ukugonywa, imithi, imithi, izibonakaliso ezibalulekile, imiphumela evela ku-laboratory kanye ne-radiology, imibiko yokukhubazeka, amanothi okuqhubekayo adalwe ukunakekelwa kwezempilo abahlinzeki, nezincwadi zokuphatha nezomnotho
- Amarekhodi wezokwelapha ze-elekthronikhi (EMRs) awafananga nama-EHR futhi ngokuvamile ahlobene nedatha egcinwe nodokotela othile.
- Ulwazi lwezokwelapha lwezempilo lusebenza njengama-hubs emkhatsini wesistimu yokwaziswa okungahambi kahle emtholampilo
- Ababhalisi abagulayo, abagcinwa izinhlangano zokunakekelwa kwezempilo ezigulini zabo, bavame ukuxhunyaniswa ne-EHR. Ezinye ukubhaliswa zilandela ukugoma, umdlavuza, ukuhlukumezeka, nezinye izindaba zezempilo zomphakathi endaweni enkulu.
- Amaprosesa abagulayo avumela iziguli ukuba zifinyelele ulwazi lomuntu siqu lwezempilo olugcinwe e-EHR yenhlangano yokunakekelwa kwezempilo. Amanye ama-portals anezinkinga futhi avumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bacele ukuvuselelwa kwemithi yesiguli kanye nokushintshanisa imiyalezo ye-electronic ephephile neqembu lokunakekelwa kwezempilo.
- Ukugcinwa kwedatha yezidakamizwa kuhlanganisa idatha egciniwe yesiguli kusuka ezinkampanini eziningi zokwaziswa ngemitholampilo, njenge-EHR kanye neminye imithombo efakwe ngenhla
Idatha yezicelo ezivela kubakhokhi
Abakhokhela umphakathi (isib. Medicare) nabakhokhi bangezimele banamakhomende amakhulu emininingweni yezimangalo kulabo abazuzayo. Abanye abahlinzeki besikhwama sempilo manje nabo banikeza izikhuthazo zokwabelana ngemininingwane yakho yezempilo.
Izifundo zocwaningo
Ulwazi lokucwaninga luqukethe ulwazi mayelana nabahlanganyeli bokutadisha, ukwelashwa kokuhlola, nemiphumela yomtholampilo. Izifundo ezinkulu zivame ukuxhaswa izinkampani zemithi noma izinhlaka zikahulumeni. Ukusetshenziswa komuthi okwenziwe ngokomuntu ukufanisa iziguli ngabanye ngezokwelapha eziphumelelayo, ngokusekelwe emaphethini kwedatha yokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo.
Le ndlela ishukumisa ngaphezu kokusebenzisa izimiso zemithi esekelwe ebufakazini, lapho umhlinzeki wezokunakekelwa kwempilo ebeka ukuthi isiguli sichaza izici ezibanzi (isib. Yobudala, ubulili, ubuhlanga, isimo somtholampilo) nabahlanganyeli becala. Ngama-analytics amakhulu we-data, kungenzeka ukhethe ukwelashwa okusekelwe kolwazi oluningi lwe-granular, njenge-genetic profile yomdlavuza wesiguli (bheka ngezansi).
Izindlela zokusekela izinqumo zemitholampilo (CDSS) nazo zithuthuka ngokushesha futhi manje zimelela ingxenye enkulu yokuhlakanipha okufakelwayo (AI) kwezokwelapha.
Basebenzisa idatha yesiguli ukusiza odokotela ngezinqumo zabo futhi bavame ukuhlanganiswa ne-EHRs.
I-Genetic Database
Indawo yokugcina imininingwane yolwazi ngofuzo iqhubeka iqoqa ngokuhamba ngokushesha. Njengoba i-Human Genome Project yaqedwa ngo-2003, izindleko zokulandelana kwe-DNA zabantu zancishisiwe ngokuphindwe kwezigidi. I-Personal Genome Project (PGP), eyasungulwa ngo-2005 yiHarvard Medical School, ihlose ukulandelana nokusabalalisa ama-genomes ephelele amavolontiya angu-100 000 avela emhlabeni jikelele. I-PGP ngokwayo iyisibonelo esikhulu sephrojekthi enkulu yedatha ngenxa yevolumu enkulu nokuhluka kwedatha.
I-genome yomuntu siqu iqukethe ama-gigabytes angu-100 yedatha. Ngaphezu kokulandelela ama-genomes, i-PGP ibuye iqoqe idatha esuka ku-EHRs, ukuhlola, namaphrofayli we-microbiome.
Izinkampani eziningana zinikeza ukulandelana kwezakhi zofuzo eziqondile ngqo kuya kubathengi ngezempilo, izici zomuntu siqu, kanye ne-pharmacogenetics ngokuhweba.
Lolu lwazi lomuntu siqu lungadluliselwa kuma-analytics amakhulu wedatha. Isibonelo, 23Ngiyeka ukunikeza imibiko yezofuzo ezihlobene nempilo kumakhasimende amasha kusukela ngoNovemba 22, 2013, ukuhambisana ne-US Food and Drug Administration. Kodwa-ke, ngo-2015, inkampani yaqala ukuhlinzeka ngezici ezithile zempilo yesifo sabo se-genetic saliva futhi, ngalesi sikhathi ngokugunyazwa kwe-FDA.
Amarekhodi womphakathi
Uhulumeni ugcina amarekhodi eningiliziwe ezenzakalo ezihlobene nempilo, njengokufuduka, umshado, ukuzalwa nokufa. Ukubalwa kwabantu kwe-US kuye kwaqoqa ulwazi oluningi njalo eminyakeni eyishumi kusukela ngo-1790. Iwebhusayithi yezibalo zeCensus 'yayinamasheya ayizigidi ezingama-370 ngo-2013, kanti ngaphezulu kuka-11 billion eyengeziwe ngonyaka.
Ukuseshwa kweWeb
Ulwazi lokusesha iwebhu oluqoqwe yi-Google nakwezinye izihlinzeki zokusesha ngewebhu kunganikeza ulwazi lwesikhathi sangempela oluhlobene nempilo yabantu. Noma kunjalo, ukubaluleka kwedatha enkulu kusuka kumaphethini okusesha kwewebhu kungathuthukiswa ngokuhlanganisa nayo nemithombo yendabuko yedatha yezempilo.
I-Social Media
I-Facebook, i-Twitter kanye namanye ama-platforms ezokuxhumana zenhlalo adala ukuhlukahluka kwedatha phakathi kwewashi, enikeza umbono ezindaweni, ukuziphatha kwezempilo, imizwelo, nokuxhumana kwabasebenzisi. Ukusetshenziswa kwedatha enkulu yezokuxhumana komphakathi emphakathini wezempilo kuye kwabizwa ngokuthi ukutholakala kwesifo se-digital noma epidemiology yedijithali. I-Twitter, isibonelo, isetshenziselwe ukuhlaziya izifo zengculazi phakathi kwabantu abaningi.
I-World Well-Being Project eyayiqala eYunivesithi yasePennsylvania yinye isibonelo sokutadisha abezindaba bezenhlalo ukuze baqonde okuhlangenwe nakho nempilo yabantu. Le phrojekthi ihlanganisa ndawonye izazi zengqondo, izibalo kanye nososayensi bekhompiyutha abahlaziya ulimi olusetshenziselwa ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-inthanethi, ngokwesibonelo, lapho ubhala izibuyekezo zesimo ku-Facebook naku-Twitter. Ososayensi baqaphela indlela ulimi lwabasebenzisi oluphathelene ngayo nempilo yabo nenjabulo. Ukuqhubekela phambili ekusetshenzisweni kolwimi kanye nokufunda komshini kusiza ngemisebenzi yabo. Incwadi yakamuva evela eNyuvesi yasePennsylvania ibheka izindlela zokubikezela ukugula kwengqondo ngokuhlaziya imithombo yezokuxhumana. Kubonakala sengathi izimpawu zokucindezeleka nezinye izimo zempilo yengqondo zingatholakala ngokutadisha ukusetshenziswa kwe-Inthanethi. Ososayensi banethemba esikhathini esizayo lezi zindlela zizokwazi ukukhomba kangcono futhi ukusiza abantu abasengozini.
I-intanethi yezinto (IoT)
Izintambo ezinkulu zemininingwane ephathelene nempilo nazo ziqoqwe futhi zigcinwe kumadivayisi eselula namakhaya .
- I-Smartphones : Izinkulungwane zezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Health zithatha ulwazi ngomsebenzi womzimba womsebenzisi, ukudla okunomsoco, amaphethini okulala, imizwelo, neminye imingcele. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula (isib. I-GPS, i-imeyli, ukuthumela imiyalezo) kungabuye inikeze izici mayelana nesimo sempilo yomuntu.
- Abaqaphi namadivaysi abonakalayo: Ama-Pedometers, accelerometers, izibuko, amawashi, nama-chips afakwe ngaphansi kwesikhumba futhi aqoqa ulwazi oluhlobene nempilo futhi angabathumela efwini.
- Amadivayisi we-Telemedicine avumela abahlinzeki bezempilo ukuthi baqaphe imingcele yeziguli ezifana nokucindezelwa kwegazi, izinga lenhliziyo, izinga lokuphefumula, ukuphefumula, izinga lokushisa, ukulandelela kwe-ECG nesisindo.
Ukuthengiselana Kwezezimali
Ukuthengiselana kwamakhadi ezikweletu kufakwe ezinhlobonhlobo zokubikezela ezisetshenziswe nguCarolinas HealthCare System ukukhomba iziguli ezisengozini enkulu yokuba zihanjiswe esibhedlela. Umhlinzeki wezempilo we-Charlotte-based usebenzisa idatha enkulu ukuhlukanisa iziguli zibe ngamaqembu ahlukene, isibonelo, ngokusekelwe ezifweni nasezindaweni ezikhona.
Imiphumela Yokuziphatha Nemfihlo
Kudingeka kugcizelelwe ukuthi, kwezinye izimo, kungase kube nokubaluleka kokuziphatha okubalulekile nokuyimfihlo uma ubutha futhi ufinyelela idatha ekunakekelweni kwezempilo. Imithombo emisha yedatha enkulu ingathuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu kokuthinta abantu kanye nempilo yabantu, kodwa izingozi ezahlukene kudingeka zibhekwe ngokucophelela futhi zihlolwe. Manje sekuye kwaqaphela ukuthi idatha ngaphambili eyabhekwa engaziwa, ingafakwa kabusha. Isibonelo, uProfesa Latanya Sweeney woLwazi Lobumfihlo LwabakwaHarvard wahlola abavolontiya abangu-1 130 abathintekayo ku-Personal Genome Project. Yena kanye neqembu lakhe bakwazi ukubiza kahle ngamaphesenti angu-42 abahlanganyeli ngokusekelwe kolwazi ababelwene ngalo (ikhodi, usuku lokuzalwa, ubulili). Lolu lwazi lungakwandisa ukuqwashisa kwethu ngezingozi ezingahle futhi kusisize senze izinqumo ezingcono zokwabelana kwedatha.
> Imithombo:
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