Uyakholelwa yini ukuthi ucwaningo lugcinelwe ososayensi? Ngokuvamile kucatshangwa ukuthi udinga ukuba ne-Ph.D. futhi uhlanganyele nesikhungo sokucwaninga ukuze uhlanganyele emsebenzini owaziwayo wesayensi. I-Bi-Biology (i-DIY Biology noma i-DIY Bio), eyaziwa nangokuthi yi-biohacking, inselele lo mbono.
Le ntshukumo yomhlaba wonke isakaza izindlela zesayensi ezivumelekile phakathi kwabantu ababala.
Ama-biohackers ancoma ukuthi noma ubani angenza umthelela omkhulu emkhakheni wezinto eziphilayo. I-Biohacking ibhalela igebe phakathi kososayensi be-amateur nabachwepheshe bezinto eziphilayo.
Kukhona manje izimo lapho la maqembu amabili ahlangana khona namabhayisikili anamuhla avulelekile emphakathini. Umsebenzi we-biohacking ungaba nesithakazelo sempilo yonke, isenzo sokuzilibazisa noma ngezinye izikhathi umqondo omkhulu webhizinisi olandelayo. Kodwa-ke, umvuzo wezimali awudabuli ngaphambili; Ngokuvamile ama-biohackers amayelana nemisha emisha futhi adala ukunyakaza komphakathi we-biotechnology.
Kusukela ngo-1988, i-DIY Bio isuvele ibe yombono ogcwele. Ngonyaka we-2016, ingqungquthela yokuvulwa ngokubhekelana ne-biohacking yenzeke e-Oakland - i-BioHACK THE PLANET (BioHTP). I-BioHTP ibike ukuthi umphakathi ukhula, kokubili endaweni kanye nasemhlabeni wonke. Iningi lezikhulumi ezinezintshisekelo ezahlukene kanye nezindawo zobuchwepheshe obulethwe enkomfeni. Babandakanya ososayensi, abaculi, nabasunguli bezinsimbi ezihlukahlukene ze-biohacking.
Esinye sezikhulumi ezivelele kwakuyi-Stanford ka-Andrew Drew Endy, Ph.D., uprofesa osizayo wezinto eziphilayo, oye wabizwa ngokuthi omunye wabantu abangu-75 abanethonya kakhulu ekhulwini lama-21 nge-Esquire. Usebenzisana kakhulu nomphakathi we-biohacking futhi uyaziwa ngokusekela umqondo wesayensi evulekile kanye nemishado yokuqondisa izigwegwe.
Ama-Biohackers for Innovation in Medicine
Ingabe abanye abantu bahlupheka futhi bafa ngokungadingekile ngenxa yezinkampani eziphezulu ngokweqile kanye nezithakazelo zezimali zezinkampani ezithile nabantu ngabanye? Lo mbuzo uvame ukubhekwa ngabakwa-biohackers. Ucwaningo oluthile oluphathelene nemithi, ke, luba lukhuni phakathi komphakathi we-DIY Bio. Umqondo wokwenza ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kanye nemithi elula ukuyifinyelela iphoqeleka, futhi abadayisi bemvelo banethemba lokuthola izidakamizwa zokulondoloza impilo etholakalayo kuwo wonke umuntu.
Vula i-Insulin, isibonelo, iphrojekthi eqhutshwa yiqembu labakwa-biohackers ababheke ekuthuthukiseni inguqulo entsha ye-insulini ezoba yikonga futhi iyatholakala kabanzi. Le phrojekthi iyakhula, futhi umphakathi omningi uqaphela izisusa zabo zokuzidela.
Okwamanje, akukho-insulin yama-generic etholakalayo, futhi iziguli eziningi, ikakhulukazi ezingxenyeni ezincane ezithuthukile zomhlaba, zihamba ngaphandle. Lokhu kubeka engozini yokuthuthukisa izinkinga ezihlobene nesifo sikashukela, njengokuphuphutheka, ukulimala kwesibindi kanye nezinso, izinkinga zenhliziyo, ngisho nokufa. Izivumelwano zezezimboni zokukhiqizwa kwe-insulin ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zivame ukuphelelwa yisikhathi, ngakho-ke iqembu le-Open Insulin lihlose ukuthuthukisa inguqulo elula eyotholakala kalula kunoma ubani.
Lena inqubo yezinyathelo eziningi. Isigaba 1 sizohlanganisa ukufakwa kohlelo oluhle lwe-DNA ku- E.coli amabhaktheriya ukuze enze amabhaktheriya akhiqize ama-insulin precursors. Lokhu kuzolandelwa ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi i-proinsulin yomuntu yenziwe. Esikhathini sesigaba esilandelayo, ifomu le-insulin esebenzayo izokwakhiwa. Abahlanganyeli bephrojekthi yizo zonke izisebenzi zokuzithandela, kanti zonke izimali eziphakanyiselwe i-Open Insulin zibhekwa ngokuqondile emisebenzini yabo yocwaningo.
I-Insulin evulekile nayo yamukelwa nguJosiya Zayner, Ph.D., i-CEO kanye nomsunguli we-Odin, ongummeli omkhulu wezepolitiki enzesayensi nasemithi.
Inkampani ye-biohacking kaZayner ikhiqiza i-CRISPR engabizi izindleko (okuphindaphindiwe okuphindaphindiwe okuphindaphindiwe kwe-palindromic short), equkethe uhlelo lokuhlela izakhi futhi ingashintsha i-DNA yezinto eziphilayo. Ukuhlolwa okukuvumelayo kungasetshenziswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kusukela emzimbeni womuntu siqu ukuthuthukisa inqubo yokuphuza ubhiya. Ukuze uqalise, amakhukhi we-CRISPR aphelele agcwaliswe ngesibonelo sokuhlola okufundisa umsebenzisi ngezinye zezinto eziphilayo eziyisisekelo zamangqamuzana kanye nezindlela zokwakha izakhi zofuzo. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ungakhetha futhi ukuthenga isitifiketi se-Odin esikuvumela ukuba uthuthukise imvubelo yakho ye-fluorescent.
U-Zayner wasebenzisa izinto zakhe ezintsha ukuze asize ukuphatha izindaba zakhe ezingapheli zomzimba. Yena ngokwakhe wenza ukufakelwa kwe-microbiome egcwele umzimba. I-Microbiome iqukethe izigidigidi zama-microorganism futhi ihlanganisa amabhaktheriya amaningi atholakala kuyo yonke imizimba yethu: esikhumbeni, emanzini, ekhaleni, emlonyeni, njll.
U-Zayner ufake indawo ye-microbiome yakhe engenampilo ngenguqulo enempilo evela kumnikeli. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukufaka ama-sampuli amafecal abanikeli, abekwe ngaphakathi kwe-capsule oyinyumba. Inqubo ingafaniswa nokufakelwa kwamafecal , noma ngabe inguqulo engavumelani nayo. Imizamo kaZayner iye yabonakala enenzuzo kakhulu kuye. Kodwa-ke, amasu akhe angeke avunyelwe ngempela esimweni sokudabukela kwezokwelapha ngezizathu ezihlukahlukene.
Kusuka ku-State-of-The-Art Izikhungo Zokucwaninga kumaLabhu Garage
Ngokuvamile, ama-biohackers asebenza ekhaya, ukusuka emakamelweni abo okuhlala noma amagaraji. Esikhundleni sokulandela iziqondiso zomthetho neziqondiso, banenkululeko yokucwaninga ngendlela abayikhethayo. Zisebenza zodwa noma ngamaqembu amancane, futhi ngezinye izikhathi zibandakanya usosayensi ochwepheshe onganikeza isiqondiso.
Kukhona ezinye izinselele zokuba yi-biohacking, noma kunjalo. Izinto zokusetshenziswa kwe-Wetware, isibonelo, kungaba nzima ukuthola uma ungenayo ukufinyelela kwezikhungo. I-Taq polymerase yinye into enjalo - lokhu kuyi-DNA polymerase ephoqelekayo edingekayo ukuze i-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ihileleke ku-DNA amplification.
Ingxenye enkulu yenjongo yomphakathi wokuhlaziywa yi-biohacking imfundo. Izifundo ezinikeza izandla zivumela amalungu omphakathi ukuthi afunde ochwepheshe, ngakho-ke, nabo bangakwazi ukufaka isandla kwisayensi. Ngo-2010, i-laboratory yokuqala ye-biotechnology, ebizwa ngokuthi iGenspace, yavulwa eBrooklyn, eNew York. Njengamanye amanyathelo amaningi we-DIY Bio, iqalwe yiqembu labososayensi abanomdlandla. Le ntshukumo yeningi ikhuthaza isakhamuzi isayensi futhi ikhuthaza amalungu ayo ukuba asebenze amaphrojekthi abo futhi ahlole imibono yabo. Izifundo ze-Genspace zifundiswa ochwepheshe abaneziqu zezokwelapha, futhi ubulungu buyi-$ 100 ngenyanga, okubandakanya ukutholakala kwama-24/7 ezakhiweni, imishini kanye nabasebenzi bokuzithandela.
AmaLabhu wamaComputer ayimiphakathi ye-Oakland eyakhelwe yi-biohacking nomphakathi wesayensi. Bona, futhi, banikeza amalungu awo i-laboratory ye-biology ye-biology ngokugcwele. Bahlela ukufaka ibanga le-BioSafety level 2 esikhathini esizayo, okuzobenza bakwazi ukusebenza emangqamuzaneni omuntu futhi bahlukanise izidalwa ezintsha zebhaktheriya.
Uma ufuna ukuthola ibhulogi yakho ye-biohacking yendawo, kunezinombolo eziningi ezibhalwe eNyakatho Melika, kanye nezinye izindawo emhlabeni wonke. Imisebenzi ye-Bio ye-DIY ingase isondele kunalokho ucabanga.
Umqondo we-biohacking manje ungase ube ngaphezu kwemingcele yamalabhu wendabuko. I-portable, ibhokisi lezinsuku zamasondo, ama-laboratories angase atholakale. I-Bento Lab yinye isibonelo esinjalo. Lena yilabhu eyisisekelo yokuhlaziywa kwe-DNA ehlanganisa wonke amathuluzi abalulekile we-biology yamangqamuzana. Ikuvumela ukuba uthathe amasampula e-biological, ukhiphe i-DNA futhi wenze ukuhlaziywa kwe-DNA eyisisekelo. Kuhlanganisa i-thermocycler, i-centrifuge, ne-DNA electrophoresis ibhokisi, okwenza kube yilabhu yokusebenzela ekulungele ukuhamba, egijelwe ebhokisini elisebenzayo elifana ne-laptop.
Ababambisene nabo beBento Lab uFili Boeing noBethan Wolfenden bakhulise izimali zelebhu ngokusebenzisa umkhankaso weKickstarter. Lapho i-Bento Lab ikwazi ukuthumela umkhiqizo wayo, le misha ingase ibe ngokufanelekayo kumalabhu asekelwe esikoleni kanye nabathandi be-biohacking.
Ingabe Ukuzibulala Kuphephile?
Abanye abagxeki bakhathazekile mayelana nokuphepha kwamabhishi egalaji futhi baphikisa ukuthi i-biohacking ingase ibe yingozi, ikakhulu uma isebenza nezinhlobo eziphilayo. Lolu hlobo lomsebenzi alulawulwa, okuyinto kokubili inzuzo nenhle.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-biohackers engahambisani nemithetho kahulumeni angasusa imingcele yesayensi ngokuqhubekayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abanye besaba ukuthi ama-microbes angaba yingozi angadalwa emalabhu abo. Kodwa-ke, i-biohacking ayibonakali ishintshele kuhulumeni lapho isengozini okwamanje, futhi cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthi izakhi zezinto eziphilayo zingazibandakanya ezinhlelweni zokuguqula izakhi zofuzo. Abakwa-Biohackers ngokwabo bathuthukisa uhlobo lokuqondisa ngokubonakala obala nokubuyekezwa kontanga.
Nokho, lokhu kungashintsha uma ososayensi baqala ukuhlela izakhi zofuzo zabantu nokuguqula izinto eziphilayo. Izinzuzo nezingozi zezinqubo ezinjalo (isibonelo, ukushintsha umlenze womuntu) ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zidinga ukuhlolwa okuhambisana nokuziphatha. Lokhu kusebenza kuzo zonke izilungiselelo ezingase zenze lezo zivivinyo, kufaka phakathi amashabhu alawulwayo. Ochwepheshe abaningi bayaphikisana nayo yonke imisebenzi engabangela abantu abaphilayo. Lo Mhlaka-Septhemba, uMkhandlu we-Nuffield kwi-Bioethics - inhlangano ezimele eyeluleka abakhiqizi bezinqubomgomo - ishicilele ukubuyekezwa kokuziphatha ekuhlelweni kwe-genome. Embikweni wabo, baxwayisa mayelana nendlela izakhi ze-genome-editing zingase ziphathwe ngaphandle kwezindawo ezilawulwayo futhi ngokuqondile zibheke ososayensi bamateur manje abanokufinyelela kuma-kits angabizi enethiwekhi.
Ama-labs amaningi we-biohacking asebenza kuphela nama-bacteria abonakala ephephile. Isibonelo, i-Genspace isebenzisa kuphela izidalwa ezingekho pathogenic futhi ayisebenzi namaseli omuntu. Baphinde babambisane nebhodi lokucebisa ngaphandle kwezokuphepha. Ngokuvumelana nalokhu, abanye ochwepheshe basikisela ukuthi umphakathi kufanele uvumele ubuchwepheshe be-biohacking ukuba buqhubeke ngenkathi kuqapha ukuthuthukiswa kwawo, ngakho-ke le mizamo inethuba elingcono lokuholela emiphumeleni emihle njengoba iqhubeka.
> Imithombo:
> Kaebnick G, Gusmano M, Murray T. I-Ethics of Biology Synthetic: Izinyathelo Ezilandelayo Nezicelo Eziphambili. Umbiko we-Hastings Center . 2014; 44: S4 -S26.
> I-Kera D. Innovation imibuso ngokusekelwe kokubambisana nokubambisana komhlaba jikelele: Biology synthesis kanye nanotechnology kule abacashile. I-Technol Soc . 2014; 37 (i-nanotech ehamba phesheya: Ububanzi bomhlaba jikelele we-nanotechnology njengombono oguqukayo): 28-37.
> I-Meyer M. Isayensi yokuzibandakanya kanye nokudemokhrasi: I-geography ye-do-it-yourself biology. I-Mater Cult . Juni 2013; 18 (2): 117-134.
> Isizathu Isisekelo O. Singaqondiswanga I-biohacking ikusasa lezesayensi ?: New in Reason. [serial online]. 2016