Amaseli E-Red and White Aphuma Nge-Hematopoiesis
I-Hematopoiesis (ebizwa nge-he-at-oh-po-EE-sus) yindlela inqubo yokuthi wonke amangqamuzana egazi akho akhiwe, ahlakulele futhi avuthiwe abe yizinhlobo zabo zokugcina zabantu abadala. Leli gama libhekisela ezindleleni noma emathanjeni okuthuthukiswa kwamangqamuzana egazi, okuqala ngokuthi yini eyaziwa ngokuthi i- hematopoietic stem cell , ehamba uchungechunge lwezinyathelo zokufika kumkhiqizo wokugcina - iseli legazi elivuthiwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi liyi-red cell cell, umhlophe iseli legazi elifana ne-lymphocyte, noma olunye uhlobo lwegazi leseli.
Eminye imigomo yale nqubo yokwakheka kwamaseli egazi ihlanganisa i-hematogenesis, i-hemogenesis, ne-hemopoiesis.
Izingosi zokukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana egazi zixhomeke ekutheni ukhuluma ngomntwana esesesibelethweni sikamama wakhe, noma ngemuva kwalokho ebusana nakumuntu omdala. Okusho ukuthi, i-utero, ingane ekhulayo isebenzisa izingosi ezihlukahlukene emzimbeni we-hematopoiesis, kuhlanganise nesibindi, i-spleen, i-thymus, i-lymph nodes, kanye nomnkantso wamathambo. Ngemva kokuzalwa, indawo enkulu ye-hematopoiesis isemnothweni wethambo.
I-hematopoiesis ye-Extramedullary yilapho ukwakhiwa kwamangqamuzana egazi kumasayithi ngaphandle kwamathambo emathambo. Futhi ngenkathi i-hematopoiesis e-extramedullary ingumkhuba wengane esiswini, uma umuntu ezalwa, ngokuvamile isibonakaliso sesifo noma isibonakaliso sokuthi umnyo wethambo awukwazi ukukhiqiza okwanele amangqamuzana egazi obomvu okwanele ukuhlangabezana nesidingo.
Yini i-Hematopoietic?
Ungathola igama elithi hematopoiesis, noma isichazamazwi se-hematopoietic, ngezimo eziningana ezehlukene:
- I-Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation , ebizwa nangokuthi ukufakelwa komnkantsha we-bone noma ukufakelwa kwe-stem cell, ihilela ukuthatha amangqamuzana e-stem nokuzinikeza umamukeli, ukuze umamukeli angenza amangqamuzana akhe abomvu wegazi, amangqamuzana amhlophe wegazi namaplatelet asisiza igazi ukugqoka.
- Ukulimala kwe-Hematopoietic kubhekisela kumdlavuza wezingqamuzana ezenza igazi. Ama-malignancies ase-Hematopoietic afaka i- leukemia, i-lymphoma, ne-myeloma .
- I- neoplasm ye- Hematopoietic ihlanganisa izinkinga eziningi zegazi, ezinye zazo ziyizimo ezingapheli ohlala nazo, kanti ezinye zikwazi ukuqhubeka nezinkinga ezinkulu futhi zinciphisa ukusinda.
- I-Hematopoietic cell lineage noma i-cell line ibhekisela kumathrekhi amaningana, noma amagatsha "emthini womndeni wegazi," lapho iseli lesandulela ngculazi liqala khona kumuntu omdala / ovuthiwe wegazi.
Sibutsetelo
Ukujikeleza igazi kuqukethe ukuxuba kwamaseli, imikhiqizo yeseli, kanye namanzi. Imizimba yethu iveza amangqamuzana egazi ngokuqhubekayo kusukela ngesikhathi esisezibelethweni kuze kube sesikhulile. Izigidi zamangqamuzana egazi zishintshwa nsuku zonke njengoba zihlala ziphila. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zamaseli zinezikhathi ezihlukahlukene zokuphila, futhi kubantu abadala abanempilo, amangqamuzana egazi abomvu ngokuvamile ahlala cishe ezinsukwini eziyi-100 kuya kwezingu-120 ngaphambi kokuba adluliselwe.
Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-10 zamaseli ehlukile, ngayinye yenza imisebenzi yayo siqu. Nakuba amangqamuzana egazi abomvu namhlophe angaphelela ezindaweni ezahlukene emzimbeni, ukukhiqiza kuqala emnothweni wethambo.
KuMarrow Bone
Phakathi kwamathambo athile, kukhona izicubu zomnumongo, kuhlanganise nama-hematopoietic stem cells , aphinde abizwe ngokuthi ama-stem cells, ama-stem cells, avela kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezahlukene zegazi.
Amanye alawa maseli ase-stem ahlala "engavunyelwe" ukuze aqhubeke nokuzala amangqamuzana kunoma yiluphi uhlobo oludingekayo, uhlobo oluthile lwezinyosi zezinyosi ezibeka amaqanda, kodwa amanye amangqamuzana e-stem aqala inqubo yokwenza, ukuba "ama-progenitors" noma "abaphambili" "wezingqamuzana zezingqamuzana ezihlukile . Imigqa / imigqa yeselula ingacatshangwa njengamagatsha ahlukene emthini womndeni wegazi.
Amaseli okwenza igazi enza izinhlangothi ezimbili ezihlukene zomndeni:
- I- lymph oid side kulula ukuyikhumbula ngoba iphakamisa amangqamuzana egazi amhlophe eyaziwa ngokuthi i- lymph ocytes. Ama-lymphocytes angabuye ahlukaniswe njengeT cell, amaseli B, namaseli okubulala emvelo.
- Uhlangothi lwesigungu somndeni lungaphezulu kwe-hodgepodge. Unezinhlamvu zakho ezibomvu zegazi, ezibizwa nangokuthi i-erythrocytes, kanye namaplatelethi egazi, okuyisisekelo esincane samaseli amakhulu okuthiwa ama-megakaryocytes. Kodwa-ke, ngaphezu kwamaseli akho abomvu wegazi namaplatelets, unayo wonke amangqamuzana egazi amhlophe avela kuma-progenitors ase-myeloid: i-neutrophils, i-monocytes, i-eosinophils, ne-basophil yizo zonke amangqamuzana egazi omhlophe avela kumaphrofenjini ase-myeloid.
- Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, ingxenye enhle yokukhula okuqala nokuvuthwa kwezinhlobo eziningi zalezi zinhlobo ze-cell kwenzeka ngaphakathi komnyofu wethambo; T-amangqamuzana akhula emnothweni wamathambo kodwa athuthela ku-thymus ukuze uvuthiwe .
Egazini, emzimbeni nasezintheni
Uma sezikhulile futhi zivuthiwe, amaseli egazi abomvu ahlala egazini. Amaseli amhlophe egazi angatholakala futhi egazini, kodwa angase avame kakhulu kwezinye izingosi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-lymphocytes ijwayelekile kakhulu futhi iningi ohlelweni lwe-lymphatic kunegazi.
- Amangqamuzana egazi elimhlophe (i-leukocytes): Lezi zihlanganisa i-lymphocytes, i-monocytes nama- white cell cell cells ezinikezela imizimba yethu ukuvikelwa ekutheleleni. Amangqamuzana egazi elimhlophe yizingxenye eziyinhloko zesistimu yethu yokuzivikela omzimba esiza ukubhubhisa abahlaseli ngokusebenzisa amaqhinga ahlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokukhiqizwa kwama-antibodies anamathele kubahlaseli. Izinkinga ngamangqamuzana amhlophe egazi zingabangela ukutheleleka.
- Amangqamuzana egazi abomvu (i-erythrocytes): Lawa maseli aqukethe i-hemoglobin enika igazi lakho umbala obomvu futhi ithwala oksijeni emaqenjini nasezicukwaneni emzimbeni wakho. Ukuntuleka kwamangqamuzana egazi obomvu kungaholela ekudleni kwegazi, ngezimpawu ezifana nokukhathala, ubuthakathaka nokubekezelelana ukuzivocavoca.
- Ama-platelets: I- Megakaryocytes emnothweni wamathambo yilo "amangqamuzana" e-"monster" (aphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa nabanye) akhiqiza amaphakheji amancane amakhemikhali (amaplatelet) asiza ukulawula ukuphuma ngemuva kokulimala. Ukuntuleka kweplatelet kungabangela ukulimala kalula nokukhathazeka ngokuphuma kwegazi.
Ukusuka Emthanjeni We-Bone kuya ku-Bloodstream
Uma i-HSC yenza ukukhiqiza amangqamuzana egazi avuthiwe, izothola izigaba eziningana (ngokuvamile eziyisihlanu noma ngaphezulu) ngaphambi kokuthi zibe yileli cell. Njalo uma iseli lihlukanisa, kuthatha izici eziningi zeselula omdala kuzoba yizici. Ngamanye amazwi, lihlukaniswa kakhulu noma likhethekile.
Ukugqugquzela umzimba ukukhiqiza amangqamuzana amaningi wegazi - uhlobo lwe-hematopoiesis yokufakelwa - lungasiza ezimweni ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, ngezinye izikhathi umnkantsha wamathambo uphuthunyiswa ngaphambi kokuba ukwelashwa komdlavuza oklanyelwe lapho ukucindezelwa okujulile kwamaseli okwenza igazi emlonyeni kulindeleke.
Uma ama-Hematopoietic Amaseli Ahamba
Njenganoma yisiphi iseli, ama-HSC angakwazi ukuguqulwa okuholela emangqamuzaneni angasebenzi noma abulalayo kunamaseli anempilo. Kuye ngokuthi yisiphi isigaba sokuhlukaniswa kweseli lapho senza lolu shintsho, lunikeza izinhlobo ezahlukene zezifo: ukukhathazeka kwe-myeloproliferative, i- leukemias, i-lymphomas , ne-myelomas.
Uhlobo lweselula oluncane olungavamile lungase lubhekwe ngokuthi 'ukuqhuma.' Ukuqhuma kweziguli ezine-leukemia kungasikisela ukuthi ukuguqulwa komdlavuza kwenzeke esitokisini esenza igazi esasisezingeni lokuqala lokuthuthukiswa. Uma amangqamuzana amaningi aphethwe yi-leukemia noma i-lymphoma yizinhlobo ezivuthiwe, lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukuguqulwa komdlavuza kwenzeke esitokisini esivuthiwe noma iseli esiseduze nesigaba sokugcina sabantu abadala.
E-lymphoma, kungaba khona i-lymphomas ehlukahlukene ekhombisa zonke izigaba ezahlukene zokuthuthukiswa kwe-lymphocyte, kuhlanganise nezindlela zokuthuthukiswa ze-B-cells kanye nama-T-cell; Ngakho-ke, kukhona i-B-cell lymphomas, i-T-cell lymphomas, ngisho ne- Natural Killer T-cell lymphomas .
I-Hematopoietic Transplantation Cell - I-Bone Marrow Transplants
Ukwelashwa kwe-leukemia, i-lymphoma nezinye izifo zomdlavuza wegazi kungabandakanya ukufakelwa kwama-hematopoietic stem cells. Lezi zingase zibe amangqamuzana akho, avunwe emangeni wakho (autologous), noma avela kumnikeli (allogenic). Amasu asetshenziselwa ukuthola amangqamuzana aphilile egazi avela kumnikeli ahlukahluka, kodwa ukufakelwa ngokwawo kungukumpontshelwa okulula njengoba amangqamuzana e-hematopoietic stem ehamba esuka egazini eya emnothweni wethambo.
I-Extramedullary Hematopoiesis
Leli gama elisetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana egazi okwenzeka ngaphandle kwamathambo. Kungabonakala ku-anemia engapheli, ngokukhiqizwa kwamaseli egazi kwesibindi, i-spleen futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuma-lymph nodes. Kwezinye izimo, kungase kube namaseli abulala ama-hematopoietic asezindaweni ezingaphandle kwamathambo.
> Imithombo:
> Williams, L. Ukubukezwa okuphelele kwe-Hematopoiesis kanye ne-Immunology: Impumelelo yamaHematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Abamukeli. Ezzone, S. (2004) I- Hematopoietic Stem Transplantation Cell: I-Manual for Practice Practice. I-Oncology Society Nursing. Pittsburg, PA (pp.1-13).
> Michael A. Rieger noTimm Schroeder Hematopoiesis. I-Cold Spring Harbor Ebonakalayo ku-Biology, ngo-2012, i-Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.