Uchwepheshe we-Q & A ocwaningweni lwamuva
Ngenye yezinto ezibuzwa kakhulu lapho kuziwa empilweni, i- blood glucose (ushukela wegazi), nokulawulwa kwesisindo: uma usebenzisa abathishukela abathintekayo ama-sweeteners okufakelwayo, ama-sweeteners aphansi, noma ama-sweeteners angewona okunomsoco? Ingabe ziphephile futhi zingakusiza yini ukuba ulahlekelwe isisindo noma unciphise ushukela wegazi?
Ukubuka Okucwaninga
Sekuyiminyaka engamashumi eminyaka yocwaningo mayelana nokuphepha kwama-sweet-calorie sweeteners (LCS) nokuthi ngabe bangasiza abantu ukuba balahlekelwe isisindo noma baphumelele kalula ukulawula i-glucose.
Ucwaningo luhlanganisiwe, oluthile oluhle futhi olubi. Iqiniso liwukuthi i-equation yephethini enempilo yokudla iyona engagxila kuphela kunoma yimuphi ukudla noma umkhiqizo owodwa wokudla. Ukulinganisela kuyisihluthulelo.
Futhi uma kuziwa ekulahlekelweni nasekulawuleni isisindo, ukunciphisa uketshezi oluvela ushukela kanye ne-carbohydrate elicwengileko kungasiza abantu abanesifo sikashukela noma abakhuluphele ngokweqile ukuba banciphise isisindo futhi banciphise ushukela wegazi.
Ngakho-ke, uma usuka ekusebenziseni ushukela noma iziphuzo ezivuthiwe njalo, ezifana ne-soda, amaphakethe we-LCS noma iziphuzo zokudla kukusiza ukuba ulawule isisindo sakho futhi uthuthukise ushukela wegazi , khona-ke ungase ufune ukuwacabangela.
Kulabo abanobufakazi be-LCS, ukufundiswa ngale ndaba nokulinganisa izinzuzo nezindleko kungakusiza wenze izinqumo ezinhle. Ukweqa ngokweqile nokuba nesifo sikashukela esingalawuleki kuyingozi empilweni yakho futhi kungase kube inzuzo ukusebenzisa imikhiqizo eyokusiza ukuba ufinyelele imigomo yakho.
Ucwaningo oluningi lubonisa ukuthi abantu abasebenzisa i-LCS bayakwazi ukwehlisa isisindo lula, balondoloze isisindo esinempilo, futhi balawule amazinga kashukela egazini.
Ingxoxo Yokuhlola
I-Hope Warshaw, i-MMSc, i-RD, i-CDE, i-BC-ADM, ilinganisa njengochwepheshe kulesi sihloko.
Q: Ezinye izifundo zikhomba ukuthi i-LCS ikhuthaza ukudla ngokweqile futhi ekugcineni izuze inzuzo kanti abanye babonisa ukuthi i-LCS isetshenziselwa yini njengengxenye yendlela yokudla enempilo yokuphila nokuphila futhi ingasiza ukulawula isisindo. Iqiniso likuphi?
A: Ngaphambi kokubheka izifundo zomuntu ngamunye, nansi okusemqoka. Ukubuka umzimba wecwaningo nge-LCS nesisindo somzimba, izinhlangano eziningi zezempilo kanye nochwepheshe bavumelana neziphetho ezisuka kwisitatimende sesayensi se-American Diabetes Association (ADA) ne-American Heart Association (AHA):
I-LCS ayiyona inqwaba yemilingo yokulahlekelwa isisindo, kodwa ingaba yinye yamathuluzi amaningi ongayisebenzisa njengengxenye yecebo eliphelele lokulawula isisindo. I-LCS ingasiza abantu ukuba banciphise ukudla kwabo kwekhalori uma bengathathi amakhalori alondoloziwe ngamakhalori avela kokunye ukudla.
Kube khona izifundo ezithile eziphikisanayo, kodwa ngisho nangaphezulu kakhulu izinhloko eziphikisanayo. Kucwaningo olwenziwe nge-LCS nokulawulwa kwesisindo-inani lezinhloko eziphathelene ne-LCS, kanye nokuphuzwa okunye okukhethekile okudla okuqukethe eyodwa noma ngaphezulu kwe-LCS, kuye kwavela kwizifundo okuthiwa ukuhlola. Lezi zifundo zibukeza ulwazi oluningi lwezinguquko ezivela ezifundweni, ezibona iqembu elikhulu labantu futhi zilandela izici eziningi zokuphila.
Lezi zifundo zingenza ukubhekwa kepha azikwazi ukuqinisekisa imbangela nemiphumela, isibonelo, ukuthi i-LCS kanye / noma iziphuzo zokudla ziletha inzuzo. Okuyiqiniso ukuthi ezinye izici eziningi ekukhetheni kokudla komuntu kanye nendlela yokuphila zingenza ukuzuza kwesisindo. Kuhlaziywa kuka-2013 nguPereira eziningana zalezi zifundo zokuzihlola, waphetha ngokuthi abantu abasengozini yokuthola isisindo, ukukhuluphala, nokuthayipha uhlobo lwesifo sikashukela (T2D) kungase kube nokwandisa ukudla kwabo iziphuzo zokudla emzamweni wokunciphisa ingozi yesifo sikashukela nesisindo- izifo ezihlobene.
Izilingo ezimbalwa ezilawulwe ngokungahleliwe (RCT) seziqedile, ezibonisa ukuthi i-LCS (ikakhulukazi uma iziphuzo zokudla zifaka esikhundleni soshukela-okuphuza okomnandi (SSB)) ingasiza abantu ukuba balahlekelwe isisindo esincane. Ama-RCT abhekwa njengolwazi olujwayelekile lwesifundo segolide lapho abacwaningi beqhathanisa ukulawulwa kweqembu elilodwa noma ngaphezulu lokucwaninga ukuze banqume umthelela wokushintsha okuthile.
UPeter kanye nabacwaningi abahamba naye baqhuba uhlelo lokulawula isisindo samasonto angu-12 kumadoda angaba ngu-300 nabesifazane. Iqembu lokutadisha lalalelwa ukuphuza ama-ounces angama-24 ngosuku lokuphuza utshwala (noma yiluphi uhlobo) futhi ukulawulwa kwakuwukuphuza ama-ounces angu-24 ngosuku ngosuku kuphela.
Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi iqembu lokuphuza isiphuzo lilahlekelwe ngamapounds angu-13 noma amaphesenti angu-44 ngaphezu kwezihloko zeqembu lokulawula ezalahlekelwa isilinganiso samakhilogremu ayisishiyagalolunye.
Enye i-RCT kaTate nabanye abacwaningi babheka abantu abadala abangaphezu kuka-300 ngaphezu kwezinyanga eziyisithupha. Isiphuzo sokudla kanye namaqembu amanzi ashintshwe okungenani ama-servings amabili ngosuku SSB yawo yokuphuza isiphuzo noma amanzi. Ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha, abaphuza utshwala bezidakamizwa bebengase bakwazi ukuthola ukulahlekelwa kwesisindo samaphesenti amahlanu kunabanisi bamanzi.
Esinye isifundo esivela kwi-National Weight Control Registry (NWCR) eyaziwa kakhulu-ebhalweni labantu abangaphezu kuka-10 000 abaye balahlekelwa okungenani amakhilogremu angu-30 futhi baligcina okungenani unyaka owodwa-babheka ukusetshenziswa kweziphuzo ezinomsoco ezingaphezulu kuka-LCS ngaphezulu Abantu abangamakhulu angama-400 iminyaka eyisikhombisa. Ithole amaphesenti angu-53 abahlanganyeli baphuza iziphuzo zokudla futhi amaphesenti angu-10 asebenzisa i-SSB njalo. Amaphesenti angaba ngu-80 abahlanganyeli babika ukuthi iziphuzo zokudla zazisiza ukuba zilawule ukudla kwazo.
Okokugcina, ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta (ukuhlaziywa kwezifundo eziningi) okushicilelwe ngo-2014 nguMiller noPerez bathola ukuthi i-LCS inciphisa isisindo somzimba uma kuqhathaniswa ne-placebo futhi ngokuthobeka, kodwa ngokuphawulekayo, ukunciphisa umzimba we-body mass index (BMI) umjikelezo. Esihlokweni esihambisana nalolu shicilelo, uJames Hill, PhD, umcwaningi okhululekile kakhulu ohlonishwayo wathi:
Kusho ukuthi i-LCS ibonakala yenza lokho okwaklanyelwe ukukwenza: ukusiza ukunciphisa inani lokudla kwamandla ngenkathi inikeza ukunambitheka okumnandi esikuxabayo ... Ungazisebenzisa ngokuzethemba leli thuluzi [LCS] ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ukuthi ungase ubangele ngokungalindeleki ukuphathwa kwesisindo sakho imizamo.
Q: Ingabe uhlobo oluthile lwe-sweetener eliphansi lwekhalori luthinta isisindo ngokuhlukile kunomunye?
A: Ayikho ucwaningo lokubonisa lokhu. Namuhla, iziphuzo zokudla zivame ukuthandwa nge-aspartame (iziphuzo ezikhunjelwe neziphuzo), i-aspartame ne-saccharin (iziphuzo ezithambile), i-aspartame ne-acesulfame-K, noma i-sucralose. Esinye sezizathu abakhiqizi bokuphuza bangasebenzisa umxube we-LCSs ukuzisebenzisa ngokunenzuzo amaphrofayli anambitheka ahlukene we-LCS ehlukene ukuthuthukisa ukunambitheka jikelele komkhiqizo.
Q: Ucwaningo luphetha ngani mayelana ne-LCS kanye nezifiso kanye nokwandisa ukudla kokushukela kanye namaswidi?
A: Lokhu kube yinye indawo yokuphikisana mayelana ne-LCS. Umbono ubonakala wukuthi ngoba i-LCS iyinhle kunokweshukela, inqwabalala kakhulu i-sweet receptors futhi ibangele ukufisa okuhle okuholela abantu ukuba badle ngokweqile futhi bathe isisindo.
Ucwaningo oluningana luphikisa lo mbono. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Antenucci noHayes baqashe abantu abangaphezu kuka-400 ngochungechunge lwezivivinyo zokunambitha. Abahlanganyeli baphuza amasampula ahlukene aphakathi kuka-12 no-15 anama-sweeteners aqukethe ikhalori kanye nama-LCS amaningana. Abahlanganyeli bokufunda balinganise ubumnandi obubonakalayo besampula ngayinye. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ababambiqhaza babona ubumnandi be-LCS ezingxenyeni eziphansi kunezinkinobho eziqukethe ikhalori. Abacwaningi baphetha ngokuthi imiphumela ayisekeli lokho okushiwo ukuthi i-LCS ivuselela abantu 'ama-sweet receptors' abantu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifundo ezintathu ezichazwe ngaphambilini zihlanganisa ukutholakala okuzosiza ukuphendula lo mbuzo. UPeters wabonisa ukulinganisa indlala emavikini angu-12 wanda kancane eqenjini lamanzi futhi wanqaba kancane eqenjini lokuphuza utshwala okwaholela ekulameni okukhulu. Ukuhlaziywa okwengeziwe kocwaningo lwe-Tate nguPiernas kubonise ukuthi ngenkathi bobabili abaphuza utshwala bamanzi kanye nokudla behlisa amakholori angama-altare kanye neshukela elongeziwe, iqembu lezitshalo zokudla linciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwazo kwamadayisi amaningi. Abacwaningi bacabanga ukuthi mhlawumbe iziphuzo zokudla ziyanelisa isifiso sokuba into enhle. Ucwaningo lwama-NWCR lubonise ukuthi cishe amaphesenti angu-80 abahlanganyeli athi ukuphuza izidakamizwa kwazisiza ukuba zilawule ukudla kwazo kwekhalori.
Ngezansi-Kunokuba ukwandise izifiso, ukudla, kanye nendlala, ngokweqiniso LCS (njengokungena esikhundleni somshukela noma ukudla nesiphuzo) kunganelisa izifiso zabantu ngamaswidi bese kunciphise indlala yabo.
Q: Kungenzeka yini ukuthi ama-sweeter calories aphansi angathinta i-microbiome yegciwane ngendlela engabangela ukuphakama kwamazinga e-glucose?
A: I- microbiome ye-gut yizinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezincane ezincane ezihlala emaphepheni wokugaya (amathumbu) ezilwane nabantu. Ucwaningo kule ndawo luqoqa futhi luyanda. Ukucabanga ukuthi ukulondoloza i-microbiome enempilo kungabamba iqhaza empilweni, ekuvimbeleni izifo nokugcina isisindo esinempilo.
Ucwaningo olwenziwa ngu-Suez nabanye abacwaningi, olwanyatheliswa ku- Nature, lwathatha inqwaba yemithombo yezindaba futhi lwenza iziphetho eziningana kakhulu ezithintekayo ngokusetshenziswa kwawo wonke ama-LCS. Eqinisweni, iningi lezifundo ezincane kuleli phephandaba libikiwe ligxile kwi-saccharin futhi eziningi zazo zaqhutshwa ngamagundane. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi, nakuba i-LCS isesigabeni esifanayo, ihlukile emvelaphi, ukwakheka, nokuthi ihlelwe kanjani. Leli phepha eliyinkimbinkimbi elinemibuzo eminingi ngaphakathi. Kuleli phuzu, ezinye zeziphumo eziyinhloko zokutadisha ziye zaphikisana nochwepheshe abahlonishwayo. Njengoba kunjalo nocwaningo oluningi, izifundo ezengeziwe eziqhutshwa kahle kuzodingeka zenziwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe lobu buhlobo.
Okutholakele kulolu cwaningo ukuthi i-aspartame ne-sucralose, i-sweet-calorie ephansi kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni okukhulu, iphakamisa amazinga e-glucose awavumelani nomzimba okhona wezocwaningo. Kumele kuqaphele ukuthi ukuze kuvunywe yi-US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) njengokwengeza kokudla kanye nokusetshenziswa ngabantu abanesifo sikashukela (okuyikho), ucwaningo olufakwe ku-FDA ukuze luvunyelwe kumele lubandakanye ucwaningo mayelana nomthelela we i-LCS kumazinga e-glucose. Ucwaningo luhanjiswe ku-FDA ukuze luvunyelwe kanye nocwaningo olwengeziwe eminyakeni eyalandela ngemuva kokuvunywa akuvumelani. Ngokubanzi, izifundo eziqhutshwa eminyakeni embalwa edlule zibonisa ukuthi i-aspartame noma i-sucralose ayishintshi ngokuphawulekayo i-microbiome yegciwane noma iphakamisa amazinga e-glucose egazi.
Iningi lesilwane kanye nezifundo ezingaphansi komuntu ezibikiwe kuCwaningo lweNdalo lugxile emthethweni we-saccharin ekulawuleni i-glucose. Kuyathakazelisa abantu abanesifo sikashukela ukuthi leyo saccharin isetshenziswe iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-100 futhi iminyaka eminingi yiyona kuphela yokukhetha etholakalayo. Kuze kube yimanje, kunezifundo ezimbalwa zezilwane ezibonisa ukuthi i-saccharin ephakeme kakhulu ingashintsha i-microbiome yesisu. Idatha evela ezifundweni zabantu kule ndaba ayanele futhi ayicacile.
Ngezansi-Ucwaningo olwengeziwe lubalulekile, kodwa umthelela omkhulu kakhulu wokusetshenziswa kwe-saccharin okulinganiselwe kumazinga wegciwane le-microbiome noma ama-glucose kubonakala kungenakwenzeka.
Q: Yiziphi izincomo mayelana ne-LCS ezivela e-American Diabetes Association (ADA) nezinye izinhlangano?
A: NgoNovemba 2013, i-ADA yashicilela ukubuyekezwa kwezincomo zabo zokudla okunomsoco kubantu abadala abanesifo sikashukela. Esikhathini esitatimendeni sokuma, esibukeze izihloko eziningi ezihlobene nokudla, isitatimende se-ADA sifunda:
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-sweeteners angenasici [LCS] kunamandla okunciphisa ikhalori yonke kanye nokudla kwe-carbohydrate uma kufakwe esikhundleni se-sweeterers ngaphandle kwenkokhelo ngokudla kwamakolori angaphezulu kusuka eminye imithombo.
Ngokuphathelene nomthelela we-LCS kumazinga e-glucose, i-ADA iphetha kulezi zincomo zokudla okunomsoco ukuthi ucwaningo olukhona lubonisa ukuthi i-LCS ayibangeli ukuphakama kwe-glucose ngaphandle kokuthi i-LCS isetshenziswe ekudleni noma ekuphuzeni nezinye ikhelori equkethe izithako. Isibonelo, lokho kungaba i-yogurt noma i-cocoa eshisayo efakwe nge-LCS. Ngokuphambene, iziphuzo zokudla ngokuvamile aziqukethe ama-calories.
Ngezansi-i-LCS ayibangeli ukuphakama kweglucose ngaphandle kokuthi i-LCS idliwe ukudla noma isiphuzo ngezinye ikhelori equkethe izithako.
Q: Bangakanani i-LCS eyenza abantu ngokujwayelekile futhi abantu abanesifo sikashukela badla ngokuqondile?
A: Uma kuziwa emalini "ephephile" e-LCS, ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi abantu, ngokwesilinganiso, abasebenzisi ndawo eduze nalokho okuthiwa yi-Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI). Lokhu kubandakanya abantu abanesifo sikashukela, abangase babe abathengi abaphezulu be-LCS. I-ADI ichazwa yi-FDA namanye ama-ejensi alawulayo emhlabeni jikelele njengenani le-LCS umuntu angadla nsuku zonke zokuphila kwakhe ngaphandle kokukhathazeka kokuphepha. I-ADI isekelwe ezinhlobonhlobo zezifundo zezilwane ezidingekayo ukuze kuvunywe futhi isekelwe kwisici esiphezulu sokuphepha kusuka kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi okuphakeme kakhulu akukho izinga elibi lomthelela.
Ake sibheke i-aspartame njengesibonelo. I-FDA ADI ye-aspartame i-50 mg / kg yesisindo somzimba / usuku. Leli nani lingalingana nokusebenzisa amaphakethe angu-97 we-LCS ene-aspartame ngosuku ngalunye esikhathini sokuphila komuntu. Noma kunjalo, i-Intake Daily Incake (EDI) ye-aspartame itholakala ukuthi ingamaphesenti ayisithupha e-ADI kubantu abaningi abadala. I-EDI ichazwa njengokulinganisa kwenani lesithako esidliwe uma lifaka esikhundleni soshukela ngamaphesenti angu-100 kukho konke ukudla okukhona kanye neziphuzo.
I-FDA idinga ucwaningo olubanzi ku-LCS ngaphambi kokuvumela i-LCS emakethe. Ngokuvamile, i-LCS ivunyelwe ukusetshenziswa bonke abantu jikelele. Lokhu kuhlanganisa nezingane, owesifazane okhulelwe nokubeletha kanye nabantu abanesifo sikashukela.
Q: Yiluphi ulwazi oluwusizo lomuntu oweqile ngokweqile futhi engozini yesifo sikashukela sohlobo lwe-2 (T2D) noma omunye umuntu onesi-T2D mayelana nezenzo ezibaluleke kakhulu abangayithatha mayelana nokudla kwabo kanye nempilo yesikhathi eside?
A: Kucacile kusuka ocwaningweni kanye nezincomo zokudla okuvela ku-ADA ukuthi izenzo ezibaluleke kakhulu umuntu obeka engozini ye-T2D (prediabetes) noma ne-T2D engayenza ukuvimbela noma ukunciphisa ukuxilongwa (kwama-prediabetes) noma ukunciphisa ukuqhubeka kwe-T2D noma emva nje kokuxilongwa ukulahlekelwa cishe ngamaphesenti ayisihlanu noma ayisikhombisa esisindo somzimba sokuqala futhi ugcine ubuningi besisindo ngangokunokwenzeka-umsebenzi omude ngokuqinisekile!
Lokhu kufanele kutholakale ngokudla amakholori ambalwa, ukukhetha ukudla okunempilo, nokusebenza ngokomzimba (lokhu kuhlanganisa umsebenzi we-aerobic, ukuqeqeshwa ukumelana, nokunciphisa ukuziphatha kokuhlala). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuthi abantu bathole futhi bagcine i- glucose yabo, ukucindezelwa kwegazi, negazi lipids ngaphansi kokulawula ekuqaleni nangesikhathi. Ukushaya lezi zinhloso noma lezo wena nomhlinzeki wakho enquma ngazo zingakunikeza ukudubula kwakho okuhle ngokuhlala unempilo nokunciphisa izinkinga ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Namuhla, siyazi ukulawulwa kwesifo sikashukela kungaphezu nje kokulawula amazinga weglucose wegazi.
Mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwe-LCS, ukuthi ngabe ushukela yini ushukela ezinotshweni ezishisayo noma ezibandayo noma ekudleni, isincomo sami ukusizakala ngale mikhiqizo ukusekela imizamo yakho yokunciphisa umzimba. Gcina lezo zinhlayiya bese udla ama gramu amancane ama-carbohydrate angcono (ambalwa okusanhlamvu okuhlanziwe, amaswidi, nokudla okuyishukela) kanye noshukela owedziwe, ikakhulukazi eziphuzweni.
Ngezansi-Hamba ngaphesheya kwezingqikithi! Qinisekisa ukuthi ufunda imininingwane yanoma yisiphi isifundo esisha ku-LCS futhi uvumelane nokuthola okusha okuvela kulolu cwaningo ku-body of research ekhona. Khumbula ukuthi ama-LCS asetshenzwe amashumi eminyaka futhi okuvunyelwe ukusetshenziswa eNingizimu nase-United States nasemhlabeni jikelele uye wahlolwa ngokubaluleka kokulawula ngaphambi kokuba eze emakethe. Futhi, ukubuyekeza akupheli lapho. Ama-ejensi okulawula emhlabeni wonke aqhubeka nokubuyekeza ucwaningo nokusetshenziswa kwawo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
> Imithombo:
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