Izinzuzo Zokufunda Nokukhuluma Ngaphezulu kolimi olulodwa
IsiBilingualism inezinzuzo eziningi, kufaka phakathi nethuba lokuxhumana kuwo wonke amasiko. Kodwa-ke, uphenyo oluthile luye lwabona ukuthi ukukhuluma ulimi olungaphezu kwelilodwa kunezinzuzo ezihamba ngaphezu kokuxhumana. Ukuba yizilimi ezimbili kuye kwahambisana nokusebenza kangcono kobuchopho kanye nencishwana enciphise yokugula komqondo .
Umsebenzi Wengqondo Nesitoreji Sokuqonda
Ngenxa yokuvimbela i- Alzheimer , sekuyisikhathi eside abacwaningi bacebisa ukuba ubuchopho bakho busebenze ngokuthola izinga eliphezulu lemfundo , ukwenza amapuzzli nokusebenzisa ezinye izivivinyo ezingqondweni.
Ukuvumelanisa ngokujwayelekile ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi izimpawu ze-Alzheimer zizolibaziseka ngokwengqondo, ubuchopho obusebenzayo ngoba "ukuzivocavoca" kwengqondo kungadala ukugcinwa kwengqondo .
Umqondo wendawo yokugcinwa kwengqondo ukuthi "iqinisa imisipha" yobuchopho, ikhuthaza ukuxhumana okuthuthukisiwe phakathi kwe-brain neurons kanye nekhono elikhulayo lokukhokhela ukungasebenzi kahle ebuchosheni. Enye indlela yokwenza ubuchopho bakho kube nokuzikhandla okukhulu ukufunda nokusebenzisa olunye ulimi.
Izinzuzo zobuntu zokuba yizilimi ezimbili
Ngokucubungula ucwaningo, ukuhlola okuningi kuye kwabonisa ukulibaziseka kwezimpawu ze-Alzheimer's kanye ne-dementia kulabo ababengabantu ababili. Ngokwesilinganiso, abantu ababesemibhalweni emibili eveza ukukhubazeka kwengqondo ngokweminyaka yobudala engamahlanu ubudala kunelabo abakhuluma ulimi olulodwa kuphela.
Ukusebenza Okusebenzayo Okubaluleke Konke
Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezilimi ezimbili kanye nobuchopho, abacwaningi baqhathanisa ukucabangela ubuchopho babantu ababili okukhulunywa ngabo kulabo abakholelwa ku-monolinguals (labo abakhuluma ulimi olulodwa).
Bonke ababambe iqhaza kulolu cwaningo babe nesifo esingaba nesifo se-Alzheimer futhi babonisa amazinga afanayo wokusebenza kwengqondo. Abacwaningi baphinde bazicabangela ubudala, imfundo, imisebenzi, kanye nobulili ukuqinisekisa ukuthi noma yikuphi umehluko okwakungenakwenzeka ukuthi akubangelwa yizici.
Imiphumela yocwaningo yathola ukuthi ubuchopho bezinkinobho babonisa umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu ekuhloleni okuhlobene nesifo se-Alzheimer kunezi-monolinguals, kodwa ukusebenza kwazo konke okungaqondakali kwakufana nokufana nemiphumela efanayo ezivivinyweni ezintathu ezahlukene zokucabanga.
Lokhu kungaba kanjani? Ibuyela emcimbini wokugcinwa kwengqondo. Nakuba kubonakala sengathi imiphumela ye-Alzheimer's yayikhulisa isikhathi eside ebuchosheni babo, izimpawu ze-Alzheimer zazingaphuthuki kakhulu kunalokho okungalindelekile. Abantu ababili bebengakwazi ukukhokhela noma ukusebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene ngaphandle kokulimala ngokomzimba ebuchosheni babo.
Ukugcinwa kokusebenza okuPhezulu
Ucwaningo olwengeziwe olwanyatheliswa encwadini ye- Neuropsychology luhlolisise imiphumela yokuba yizilimi ezimbili ekusebenzeni okuphezulu kwamacembu amabili ababambiqhaza: abantu abangu-75 abanesifo se-Alzheimer kanye no-74 abanesifo sokukhubazeka okungenangqondo , isimo esivame ukuqhubeka sifinyelele esibhedlela se-Alzheimer. Ukusebenza okuphezulu kuhlolwe ngokusebenzisa izivivinyo ezintathu ezihlukene: Ukuhlolwa koMzila , ukuhlolwa kwamagama okuphazamiseka (njenge- test Stroop ) kanye nokuhlolwa kokukhuluma ngomlomo . Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi abahlanganyeli ababengumlingisi ababili abakhubazekile abakhuthele ukusebenza eminyakeni eminingana kamuva kulabo abakhuluma ulimi olulodwa kuphela.
Ukubuyiselwa Kwengqondo Okuthuthukisiwe Ngemva Kokushaya
Olunye ucwaningo luye lwabona ukuthi abantu abanolimi ababili baphinde bakwazi ukulungisa ikhono lokuzizwa kahle ngokulandela ukushaya kakhudlwana kunelabo abakhuluma ulimi olulodwa kuphela.
Izibhamu zibeka abantu engozini yokudemuka kwengqondo, futhi kuye ngokuthi indawo yokulwa nesifo, izilimi nezokuqonda zingathinteka kanjani.
Izinzuzo eziningi zokulinganisa
Ucwaningo olwenziwe ku- PLOS One lubuke imiphumela yokuba ngezilimi eziningi-okungukuthi, ukwazi nokusebenzisa izilimi ezingaphezu kwezibili. Ucwaningo lwaluhlanganisa abahlanganyeli ababonise ukukhubazeka kokuqala kwengqondo kodwa bebengatholakali benesifo sengqondo somqondo. Abacwaningi bathola ukuthi abahlanganyeli abasebenzisa izilimi ezingaphezu kwezingu-2 babe nomngciphezi omncane wokuncipha kwengqondo-empeleni, kuze kube kasikhombisa ukuvikelwa kokunciphisa ukuqonda okunjalo nalabo abasebenzisa izilimi ezimbili kuphela.
Health Brain Health and Isakhiwo
Njengoba sikhula, ubuchopho bethu buvame ukuhamba kancane kancane (kwehlisa usayizi) ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ivolumu yengqondo, kokubili jikelele nasezindaweni ezithile zobuchopho, iye yahlanganiswa nokusebenza kwengqondo.
Iqembu labacwaningi lacwaninga ukuthi ubuningi bobuchopho bobuchopho buqhathaniswa nobani bama-monolinguals. Bathola ukuthi umthamo wezindaba zombili ezimpunga nombono omhlophe ebuchosheni wawunkulu kulabo ababengabalingiswa.
Ngokuthakazelisayo, isifundo esifanayo sathola ukuthi ukwanda kwezindaba ezimpunga kwafunyanwa nalabo abakukhulunywa ulimi lwabo lwesibili, njengolimi lwezandla lwaseMelika .
Ukwesekwa okuqhubekayo kwezinzuzo zokusetshenziswa kwezilimi ezimbili kutholakala ekuhloleni kwe-PET okulinganiselwe ukuthi i-metabolism ye-glucose ebuchosheni. Izilinganiso zabonisa umehluko omkhulu kulabo abakhuluma ulimi olungaphezu kwelilodwa. Ikhono lobuchopho lokugcoba i-glucose (ushukela) libophezele kakhulu ekusebenzeni kobuchopho, kangangokuthi i-Alzheimer ibizwe ngeSifo Sesifo Sikashukela Sesithathu .
Okokugcina, ubuchopho bungase busebenze ngendlela ehlukile uma umuntu ekhuluma ngezilimi ezimbili noma e-monolingual. Olunye ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ngezibilini, ubuchopho busebenza kahle ekusebenzeni imisebenzi futhi kungcono ukungazinaki iziphazamiso lapho wenza kanjalo.
Ingabe Ukuthatha Iklasi Lolwimi Lwasekuqaleni Usizo?
Yize noma yikuphi ukufunda okuzuzisayo, akunakwenzeka ukuthi ukuvezwa okuncane kolimi lwesibili empeleni kusiza ukunciphisa ingozi yakho ye-dementia. Kunalokho, labo abafunde ulimi lwesibili ngaphambili empilweni nalabo abasebenzisa ulimi olungaphezu kwelilodwa kubonakala sengathi banamathuba amaningi okuthola inzuzo yokuqonda.
Izinga eliphakeme lobuchwepheshe kuzo zombili izilimi libonakala libalulekile. Ngamanye amazwi, ukwazi amagama ambalwa nje akunakwenzeka ukunciphisa ingozi yakho yokucushwa kwengqondo, kanti ukukwazi ukukhonza njengomhumushi kunamandla okunikeza izinzuzo zobuchopho.
Ingabe Ezinye Izinto Zingase Zithwale Imfanelo?
Ngenkathi lezi zifundo zibonakala zikhomba ukuxhumana okuqinile phakathi kokubili kwezilimi kanye nenengozi yokuncipha kwengqondo, abanye baye babuza imbangela yalokhu kuhlanganiswa.
Isibonelo, umcwaningi u-Esme Fuller-Thomson ubonisa ukuthi izinga eliphansi le-dementia elincane ngamabilingana kuya esimweni esibizwa ngokuthi "umfuduki onempilo". Ngalokhu, usho ukuthi ingozi engezansi ye-dementia ingase ingabi ngenxa yezinhlamvu ezimbili kodwa kunalokho ingahle ihlobene nokuphila nokuqina okudingekayo ukuze abantu bathuthele ezweni elisha. Ngakho-ke, usho ukuthi izici ezinjengempilo enhle enhle ingase ibe nesibopho somngcipheko ophansi we-dementia, ngokungafani nolwazi nokusetshenziswa kolunye ulimi.
Abanye abacwaningi baye baveza esinye isici esingaba nesandla ekuhlanganiseni phakathi kwezilimi ezimbili nokunciphisa ingozi yokudemeka kwengqondo-izinga eliphezulu lemfundo elitholakala kwabanye abantu abakhuluma ulimi olungaphezu kwelilodwa.
Lo mbuzo wokulungiswa ngokuhambisana nomphumela uvamile emkhakheni wesayensi, futhi kunzima ukuhlukanisa izici eziningi ezingathinta imiphumela kulezi zifundo ezibonisa ukulungiswa phakathi kokusebenza kobuchopho obuthuthukile nokubili kwezilimi ezimbili.
Izwi elivela
Nakuba kungekho ndlela eqinisekisiwe yokuvimbela i-Alzheimer okwamanje, lezi zifundo ziveza ezinye izinzuzo ezinhle kakhulu zobuchopho bakho ngokusebenzisa izilimi eziningi. Ukuhlobana phakathi kokuba ngamabili kanye nokuthola ingozi enciphise yokugula komqondo akukaqondakali ngokugcwele, kodwa kubonakala sengathi kusekelwa izifundo eziningi zocwaningo. Ukufunda nokusebenzisa ulimi lwesibili kungaba yindlela ezuzisayo yokusebenzisa ubuchopho bakho futhi ujabulele ukukhulumisana kwamasiko.
Imithombo:
I-Cortext. Umqulu 48, Issue 8, Septhemba 2012. Ukusetshenziswa kweBilingualism njengengxenye yendawo yokugcina ingqondo: Ubufakazi obuvela ebuchosheni be-atrophy ku-Alzheimer's disease. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010945211001043
> Craik, F., Bialystok, E. no Freedman, M. (2010). Ukuyeka ukuqala kwesifo se-Alzheimer: i-Bilingualism njengendlela yokugcina ingqondo. I-Neurology , 75 (19), i-pp.1726-1729. 10.1212 / WNL.0b013e3181fc2a1c
> Li, L., Abutalebi, J., Emmorey, K., et al. (2017). Yeka ukuthi izilimi ezimbili zivikela kanjani ubuchopho ekugugeni: Ukuqonda okuvela kumabilingual bimodal. I-Brain Mapping Maphuzu, 38 (8), iphe. 4109-4124.
I-Neuropsychology. 2014 Mar; 28 (2): 290-304. Imiphumela yezinhlamvu ezimbili ngesikhathi sokuqala nokuqhubeka kwe-MCI ne-AD: Ubufakazi obuvela ezivivinyweni zomsebenzi eziphezulu. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24245925
> Perani, D., Farsad, M., Ballarini, et al (2017). Umthelela wezinhlamvu ezimbili ezikhungweni zobuchopho kanye nokuxhunyaniswa komzimba ekudemeni kwe-Alzheimer. Izinqubo ze-National Academy of Sciences , 114 (7), pp.1690-1695.
PLOS eyodwa. Ngo-Ephreli 30, 2013. Ukuboniswa Konke Kwezelimi Eziningi: Ubufakazi Obusha bokusekela i-Cpotnitive Reserve Hypothesis. http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0062030
> Strauss S. Ingabe izilimi ezimbili zivimbela ukucindezeleka komqondo? I-CMAJ: I-Canada Medical Association Journal . 2015; 187 (7): E209-E210. doi: 10.1503 / cmaj.109-5022.