Ukuqonda Amalungelo Asemthethweni Uma Unayo I-HIV
Umthetho waseMelika okhubazekile (ADA) ngumthetho wesifundazwe oqinisekiswe yi-US Congress ngo-1990 ukuvimbela ukubandlulula okusekelwe ekukhubazekeni komuntu. Ngaphansi kwe-ADA, abantu abakhubazekile banikezwa ukuvikelwa ngokomthetho kusuka ekubandlululweni emsebenzini, ezindaweni zomphakathi kanye nasezinsizakalweni, kuhulumeni kahulumeni kanye nasendaweni yokuxhumana.
I-ADA ichaza ngokuqondile ukukhubazeka ngokuthi "ukulimala ngokomzimba noma kwengqondo okuvimbela kakhulu umsebenzi omkhulu wokuphila."
Ukuqonda ukuthi lokho kusho ukuthini-nokuthi ukuchazwa kwezomthetho kuthinta kanjani bonke abantu abane-HIV-kungabasiza kangcono labo abamesabayo ukubandlulula bathole ukusekelwa kwezomthetho abayidingayo ngenkathi kunciphisa izithiyo zabanye abangase baqede ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV nokunakekelwa.
Umlando we-ADA ne-HIV
Lapho i-ADA isungulwa okokuqala, i-HIV ibhekwa njengesifo esisongela impilo esingaholela ekukhubazeni noma ukungakwazi ukukhubazeka kwabaningi, uma kungenjalo. Ngaleso simo, ukuvikelwa kwezomthetho kulabo abanesandulela ngculaza kubonakala sengathi kucacile futhi akufinyeleleki.
Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba i-HIV yaqala ukubhekwa njengesifo esingapheli esingapheli, kwakukhona izinselele eziningana zomthetho ukuthi ngabe ngabe i-HIV kufanele ibheke ukuthi iyimpumulo uma umuntu ehlala engenazo izibonakaliso futhi engenakunakekelwa.
Lo mbuzo wabekwa phambi kweNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States ngo-1998 eBragdon v. Abbott , icala lapho owesifazane onempilo, ongu-HIV ogama lakhe linguSidney Abbott etshelwa udokotela wamazinyo ukuthi uzogcwalisa isikhumba sakhe esibhedlela, kuphela uma wathatha isikhwama esengeziwe esibhedlela.
Ngesinqumo esilandelayo esivela ku-5-4, iNkantolo inqume uMnuz.
U-Abbott, echaza ukuthi ukwenqaba ukwelapha ehhovisi lamazinyo kwakubandlulula ngokweqile futhi nokuthi, njengomuntu ongenalutho olungenayo i-HIV, uNksz Abbott usalokhu enesihloko sokuvikela ngaphansi kwe-ADA.
Ngaphandle kwemiphumela ecacile kulabo abaphila negciwane lesandulela ngculazi, lesi sigwebo saqinisekisa nokuthi "ukucwaswa okuhlangene" -kufanayo, ukucwaswa kwabantu ngabanye ngokubambisana kwabo nalabo abahlanganiswe ngaphansi kwe-ADA-kwakungavunyelwe ngaphansi komthetho.
Isibambiso se-1998 sagcina sivikela abantu baseMelika abaphila negciwane lesandulela ngculaza, abanomzimba noma abanjalo, kanye nalabo abangase babhekwe njengenayo i-HIV. Iphinde igweme ukucwaswa kunoma yiliphi ibhizinisi noma umuntu ophatha noma ohlobene nomuntu one-HIV.
Ukuvikelwa Kwezomthetho Kunenzuzo ngaphansi kwe-ADA
I-ADA inikeza ukuvikelwa ngokomthetho, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, kubo bonke abantu abakhubazekile. Izindawo ezibalulekile zomthetho, njengoba kusebenza ku-HIV, zifaka:
- Umsebenzi : I-ADA ivimbela ukucwaswa kwabaqashi abazimele nabasebenzi abangu-15 noma ngaphezulu. Ngaphansi komthetho, umuntu onesandulela ngculaza angeke akhiphe noma aphiwe umsebenzi ngokususelwa ekuthelelekeni kwe-HIV noma kwangempela. Umqashi angase angaphiki noma angalungise kahle imali, izinzuzo, ukuhamba, ukuqeqeshwa, umsebenzi wokuba umsebenzi, noma umsebenzi ohlobene nomsebenzi ngenxa yesimo se-HIV sesisebenzi.
Ukwengeza, izindawo zokuhlala ezifanele kufanele zenziwe ukuguqula noma ukulungisa umsebenzi uma isimo esihlobene ne-HIV sidinga indawo yokuhlala. Lokhu kungabandakanya ukuphumula kokuphumula noma ukuguqula amashejuli omsebenzi kubantu abangakwazi ukukhubazeka ngenxa yegciwane lesandulela ngculaza noma ukuvumela ukuba kubekwe abadokotela noma ikhefu eliphuthumayo kulabo abangase basebenzise ikhefu labo lokugula.
Umqashi akavunyelwe ukufuna ulwazi mayelana nomsebenzi (noma abasebenzi abangenzeka) isimo se-HIV noma ubuze imibuzo ehlobene nokukhubazeka. Noma yiluphi ulwazi oluhlobene ne-HIV olwenziwe umqashi kufanele lugcinwe oluyimfihlo kakhulu.
- Izindawo zokuhlala zomphakathi: Indawo yokuhlala kawonkewonke yinkampani yangasese evulekile emphakathini, kufaka phakathi izindawo ezifana nezindawo zokudla, amahhovisi odokotela, amaqembu ezempilo, izitolo zokuthengisa, izikhungo zokunakekelwa kwezinsuku, nanoma iyiphi enye indawo noma ibhizinisi lapho umphakathi uvunyelwe khona kalula.
Ngaphansi kwe-ADA, ukwehluleka ukuhlinzeka ukufinyelela noma ithuba elilinganayo kulabo abanesandulela ngculazi langempela noma ababhekwayo kubhekwa ukubandlululwa. Lokhu kungafaka izinguquko ngendlela evamile ibhizinisi elisebenzayo, elingabandakanyi noma linikeza ngezinsizakalo ezincane kumuntu one-HIV. Indawo yokuhlala yomphakathi nayo ivunyelwe ukufaka izinkampani ezingaphezu kwezindleko ezisuselwa kwisimo somuntu we-HIV, noma ukubhekisela kumuntu kwenye ibhizinisi uma izinsizakalo zingaphansi kobuchwepheshe balo bhizinisi.
Izinhlangano ezihlangabezana nencazelo yomthetho yeqembu elizimele noma ezifanele ukukhululwa njengenhlangano yenkolo azihlanganisiwe nencazelo ye-ADA. Indlu ayikho futhi, ehlanganiswa ngaphansi koMthetho wezokuThuthukiswa koHlu lweZindlu ka-1988.
- Ohulumeni bakaHulumeni baseKhaya : I-ADA isebenza ngokucacile kubo bonke ohulumeni basekhaya, izithili, iminyango, nama-ejensi, kanye nanoma yimuphi omunye into noma ikhomishana ewela ngaphansi kwesifundazwe noma uhulumeni wasekhaya. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izikole zomphakathi, amachibi omphakathi, imilabhulali, izibhedlela zikahulumeni, noma izinsizakalo zokuthutha ezihamba ngedolobha.
Okufanele Ukwenze Uma Ube Uxhomeke Ekubandlululweni
Uma kwenzeka ubandlululwa endaweni yokusebenzela ngenxa ye-HIV, thintana neKhomishini ye-Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) . Izinkokhelo kumele zibekiwe ezinsukwini eziyi-180 zecala lokusola. Phezu kophenyo, i-EEOC ingase isenze ukulungisa ukuphulwa noma ukukhipha incwadi "yokufaka isicelo" kumsebenzi. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi noma ukuthola i-EEOC office eliseduze nawe, ucingo 800-669-4000 noma uvakashele iwebhusayithi ye-EEOC.
I- Job Accommodation Network (JAN) , isevisi enikezwe uMnyango Wezabasebenzi wase-US, inganikeza izeluleko mahhala kubaqashi nabantu abakhubazekile endaweni yokuhlala efanelekayo emsebenzini. Ifoni 800-526-7234, noma uvakashele iwebhusayithi ye-JAN ukuze uthole izeluleko zokuhlala kubantu abane-HIV.
Uma ukucwaswa kwenzekile endaweni yokuhlala yomphakathi, xhumana noMnyango Wezobulungisa wase - US (DOJ) ngo-800-514-0301, noma uvakashele i-ADA ye-HIV / AIDS portal ngolwazi lokuthi ungayifaka kanjani isikhalazo se-DOJ.
Imithombo:
UMnyango Wezobulungiswa wase-US. "Umbhalo wamanje wabantu baseMelika abanokukhubazeka ka 1990 ohlanganisa izinguquko ezenziwe nguMthetho we-ADA Amendments Act ka-2008." Washington, DC; ibuyekeziwe ngoMashi 25, 2009.
Gostin, L. kanye neWebber, D. "Ukubandlulula okusekelwe ku-HIV / AIDS kanye nezinye izimo: 'Ukukhubazeka' Njengoba kuchazwa ngaphansi komthetho waseRussia noMbuso . I-Georgetown Law Faculty Publications; 2000: Iphepha 94: 266-329.