Phakathi kwamahlathi, i-Bambi deer, amabhishi ase-sandy, namanzi afudumele, i-Florida Keys ngokuvamile izwakala njengendawo yemilingo. Kodwa ekwindla ngo-2016, isivakashi esingafuneki, isikhwama se-screwworm, saqala ukudala izinkinga zezilwane ezifuywayo, imfuyo kanye nama-ranchers, ikakhulukazi ngoba inyamazane etholakala eFlorida Keys izilwane ezisengozini. Kodwa kusukela emhlambini we-1000, kakade kufinyelele kumaphesenti ayishumi kuye kwafakwa phansi ngenxa yalezi zifo ezibuhlungu.
Ochwepheshe baqamba ngokujulile ekuqondeni lezimbungulu , imiphumela yayo, kanye nezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokumisa.
Izinsisekelo ze-Screwworm
I-screwworm ifika njengezindiza. Kungaba ngobukhulu be -flyfly ejwayelekile ubudala kodwa bubukeka buhlukile-bunamehlo e-orange kanye nomzimba wokubuka wensimbi ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma ompunga ngemicu emnyama.
Le ntambo iqala ukubangela izinkinga uma ibeka amaqanda ayo. Izimpukane zezinsikazi zibeka amaqanda azo emaphethelweni (noma ngezinye izikhathi ezinye izivulo ezifana nomlomo noma impumulo). Amaqanda aqhwaza phakathi nosuku lokubekwa. Ingane iqhuma-izimpungushe-bese ugoba esilonda, bese uyisebenzisa njengokudla. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-myiasis.
Ngamanye amazwi, lokhu kuyisisindo samagogane, kodwa ngokungafani nezinye izimbungulu lolu hlobo luhlala enyameni ephilayo, hhayi izicubu ezifile. Kubuye kube buhlungu kakhulu izilwane njengoba izibungu zimba futhi zidla izicubu ezinxeba. Kungabangela ukuhlunga okuncane ibe yilonda elijulile, elinobuhlungu, eliboshwe.
Izimpungushe ziphuma ngesilonda zingaphansi kweviki, zifunde, futhi zibe yizimpukane, ziqale kabusha inqubo yonke.
Isilonda esithintekile sibheke ngokwengeziwe kumapukane omama. Amaqanda amaningi azobekwa esilonda esifanayo, okwenza isilwane sigule. Ekugcineni, izilwane ezithathelwanayo zingafa ngalokhu.
Kukhona kokubili i-New World ne-Old World version ye-screwworm.
I-New World screwworm ibizwa ngokuthi i- Cochliomyia hominivorax . I-Old World screwworm ibizwa nge- Chrysomya bezziana futhi itholakala kwezinye izindawo ezifudumele, e-Asia (ikakhulukazi eNingizimu ye-Asia naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia), e-Afrika naseMpumalanga Ephakathi.
Kuphi Izimpukane Zitholakala?
Izikrwangu zisatholakala eNingizimu Melika nasezinye izingxenye zeCaribbean. Amazwe ohulumeni base-United States abheka okuthintekile afaka i-Argentina, iBolivia, iBrazil, iColombia, i-Ecuador, i-Haiti, i-Jamaica, iParaguay, iPeru, i-Uruguay ne-Venezuela.
I-screwworms ingabuyiselwa kwamanye amazwe. Ungase uthole ukuthi izikhwama zakho zihlolisisile, kodwa lokhu kungenye yezizathu zokuthi kungani kunomsebenzi omningi ukuvimbela inyama nezilwane ekuhambeni okungahlolwe ngamasiko amazwe. Kukhona njalo ithuba lokuthi isilwane noma imfuyo ingase ithwale inhlanzi noma i-larva yayo emuva ezweni.
Baye bafika e-US Ngaphambi
Izimpungushezi mhlawumbe zafika kuqala eMelika kusukela eNingizimu Melika kuma-1800. Izimpungushe zaziqedwa kusukela e-US ngo-1966. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izibungu ezizimele ezizimele zagcina zibonwa e-US ngo-1966. Kwakusekhona izimpungushe ezibuhlungu e-US kuze kube ngo-1982. Izikrini ezifakwe ikakhulukazi ezivela eMexico ziya eTexas bese zisakazeka njalo ngonyaka.
Azikho amacala abonakala e-US ngaphandle kwaseTexas kusukela ngawo-1970 kanti akukho zenzakalo zasendle eziye zabikwa e-US kusukela ngo-1982, lapho kutholakala khona amacala ayisithupha okugcina eTexas. Kukhona umzamo wokugcina i-Panama Canal njengengozi lapho izimpukane zingakwazi ukusakazeka khona ukusuka eNingizimu Melika kuya eNyakatho neMelika eNyakatho.
Lokhu akusho ukuthi akukaze kube khona amacala abonakala e-US Ngezinye izikhathi othile ubuyela ngesilwane esivela kwelinye izwe elisulelekile. NgoMeyi 2010, inja yenkomo yaqaphelwa yizilwane zezilwane ukuthi zithathe i-infestation esuka eVenezuela kuya eFlorida. Le ndawo yaphathwa kahle ngemva kwalesi sigameko.
Ngaphambi kuka-1966, lezi zinambuzane kwakuyinkinga enkulu yabadobi kanye nabanye ngemfuyo. Izimpungushezi ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlala ezindaweni ezifudumele e-US Kuye ngokuthi kubanda kangakanani kubusika, lezi zinambuzane zingasinda kwezinye izindawo ezifudumalayo unyaka wonke-eFlorida, eTexas, e-Arizona naseCalifornia. Ngemuva kwebusika, izimpukane zizosakazeka ngesikhathi sehlobo, ihlobo, nokuwa. Isizukulwane ngasinye sezindiza sasingaba ngamasentimitha ngaphezulu enyakatho, njengoba zisakazeka ku-80-160 km esizukulwaneni ngasinye. Ngesikhathi sezulu esibi kakhulu, bezinye izikhathi bangena ezingxenyeni eziyinhloko ze-US futhi bacatshangwa ukuthi babikezwe emngceleni neCanada.
Umphumela we-screwworm on the Economy
Izimpungushe ezivame ukuthelela imfuyo kanye nemfuyo kungabaluleka kakhulu. EFlorida yodwa, imboni ibaluleke ngaphezu kwama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili zamaRandi. Imboni umbuso ufuna ukuvikela ngokwezomnotho. Ezinye izinkulumo zenza kanjalo, kunjalo.
Ukutheleleka kwe-Screwworm kungaholela ekulahlekelweni kwemfuyo, kanye nalezi zifo zingadala imali eningi ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokwelapha nokuvimbela. Uma izibungubungu zisakazeka futhi zihlasela imfuyo e-US zingadla imfuyo emakhulwini ezinkulungwane zezigidi zamaRandi.
Ukuqubuka okuncane okuqukethwe eMexico ngo-1992 no-1993 kwabiza izigidi zamaRandi. Ngokuqinisekile asifuni ukubona omkhulu.
I-Screwworm Control
Izibungugungu zaziqothulwe ekuqaleni e-US ngokukhulula izintuthwane eziyinyumba zamadoda, kusukela ngo-1950. I-Florida iphinda iphinde yasebenza eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-50 edlule. Umbuso waqala ngo-Okthoba 2016 ukukhulula izimpukane eziyinyumba futhi. Ithemba liwukuthi izimpukane eziyinyumba zizohlangana nabesifazane, okwenza kube namaqanda ambalwa akhiqizwa, njengoba abesifazane abaningi bengenakuphumelela.
Kuthatha izimpukane eziningi. Ochwepheshe babefanele bakhiqize izigidi zezimpukane ngesonto ngalinye ukuze baqhubeke nesidingo noma ngabe 'ngeke baqede' izimpukane ezivamile zesilisa. Kwakukhona ubusika obubandayo ngo-1957-8. EFlorida, abacwaningi kanye nohulumeni bakhipha abesilisa ababili kuya kwayisishiyagalolunye ngesonto futhi babone ukufinyelelwa kwezigubhu ezihlabayo. Bese bahlakulela ukukhiqizwa kwabo besilisa abangenayo abenza izimpukane eziyizigidi ezingu-50-75 ngesonto.
Lokhu kufana nokumiyane kanye nezinhlelo zokuvuselela izifo ezithwala umiyane njengoZika , Dengue , neChikungunya . Ohulumeni kanye nabacwaningi bebelokhu befuna ukuthola izindlela zokuvimbela izifo ezithwalwe ngumswakama ukusakazeka futhi babheke ukuqinisa lo mbono. Kube khona abaningi abaye basekela ukusetshenziswa kwezimiyane zesilisa eziyimfucuza ezakhiwe nge-genetically modified noma ukusetshenziswa kweWolbachia ukuphazamisa izimila.
Ngaphandle kokuqeda izimpukane nokusebenzisa izinambuzane, kungase kube kubalulekile ukugwema ukuvumela izilwane ukuba zibe nezilonda ezingase zenze isidleke kula maqanda. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zemikhuba yezinkomo ezingabangela amanxeba angase asetshenziselwe ama-egg-laying. Lezi zihlanganisa ukufaka uphawu lokufaka uphawu, ukuboya uboya, ukuhlambalaza nokuxoshwa kwezilwane.
Kungumqondo omuhle wokuthi izilwane zigweme imikhaza. Ukukhawula ngamakhokithi kungaba yindawo yokuqala lapho amaqanda abekwe khona. Ukusabalala kwemikhaza eTexas empeleni kwakusho ukuthi izigubhu eziphambene nezimpukane zaqhubeka phakathi neminyaka yama-1970 kunokuba zingenjalo.
Okokugcina, kukhona nokuhlukanisa indawo ye-Key West, obekwe yiFlorida (neGeorgia). Lokhu ukugwema ukuvumela izilwane ezithathelwanayo zivumele ukusakazeka kwalezi zinambuzane. Kukhona izinkokhelo zokugcina izilwane ezingase zithatheleleke ekudleni ezindaweni ezithintekile.
Ukwelashwa kwesifo
Ezimweni lapho ukutheleleka kwenzeka khona, amakhemikhali athile uma esetshenziselwa isilonda esinegciwane angabulala izibungu. Ngokuvamile kudinga ukwelashwa isilonda izinsuku ezimbili kuya kwezintathu ulandelana bese ususa izibungu ngemuva kwalokho (zithi ngezingubo).
Abanye basebenzisa ukufaka noma ukuphalaza kwezilwane nge-insecticide ukuvikela futhi izindiza ezinsukwini eziyisikhombisa kuya kwezingu-10.
Ingabe i-screwworm ithinta izilwane ezifuywayo?
Izimpungushe zingakwazi futhi zithinte amagulane ezilwane ezifuywayo nezilwane ezilahlekile, njengoba nje zingathinta izilwane ezifuywayo. Ukutheleleka kwe-screwworm kuye kwabonakala ngamakati, izinja, ngisho nezingulube eFlorida ekugqaseni kuka-2016. Amacala okuqala avame ukubonakala ezilwaneni ezifuywayo.
Amanxeba angaphathwa futhi izibungu zingasuswa, kodwa kungcono ukugwema lokhu. Kuyabuhlungu isilwane futhi kungase kube ukutheleleka okuphazamisayo.
Uma unesilwane, gcina amanxeba omzimba wakho ehlanganisiwe futhi ungawafaki ezindaweni lapho kunezibungu ezibuhlungu uma ungakugwema. Uma uthola isilwane esivela ngaphandle kwe-US noma ukuletha isilwane sakho ukuhamba nawe ngaphandle kwe-US kubalulekile ukuba ne-vet uhlole isilwane sakho, ikakhulukazi uma kukhona amanxeba abuhlungu.
Ingabe I-screwworm ithinta abantu?
Lokhu kwenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile, kodwa ngokujwayelekile akufanele kube ukukhathazeka. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukugcina amanxeba okumbozwayo kuhlale kuwumqondo omuhle, futhi umqondo ongcono nakakhulu uma usendaweni ethintekile ukukhulelwa kwamagciwane. Esikhathini esingavamile sokutheleleka, izifo zingelashwa futhi izibungu ziqedwe.
> Imithombo:
> North Carolina Dept of Agriculture. Isikrini.
> FAO. Ukulawula isikhukhula kanye nokuqedwa eningizimu ye-United States of America.
> USDA. I-New World Screwworm .
> Umnyango wezolimo eCalifornia. Isikrini .