Izifo ezithathelanayo nezifo zesimiso sezinzwa ziyingozi
Yini okufanele uyenze mayelana nezifo ezithathelwanayo zesimiso sezinzwa zomphakathi? Zingenwe kanjani futhi yini ongayenza ukuze uzivimbele? Ziyini izimpawu nokuthi ziphathwa kanjani?
Izifo Ngezidumbu
Asinandaba nokutshela othile ukuthi sinesifo sengculaza noma sesandulela ngculaza, njengo-strep throat noma umkhuhlane. Kodwa iningi lethu linganqikaza ngaphambi kokuvuma ukuthi sineziphephelo.
Ukutheleleka kwe-parasitic kujabulisa kakhulu-ngandlela-thile ukuphulwa okungaphezu kwezinye izinhlobo zokutheleleka. Kodwa-ke, ngokumangalisa ukuthi ingxenye enkulu kakhulu yomhlaba wonke inesifo sengculaza, futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane banesifo sengculaza kuphela.
Izifo ezithathelwanayo nge-Parasitic System of Central Nervous System
Ukutheleleka kwama-parasitic kungahlasela cishe noma iyiphi ingxenye yomzimba ongacabanga. Labo abathinta isimiso sezinzwa bangase kube yingozi kakhulu futhi bayaphazamise kakhulu. Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi lezi zimo zingase zibulale, kodwa zingabangela ukukhubazeka impilo yonke. Ukuqashelwa kokuqala kanye nokwelashwa okusheshayo kubalulekile ukuze kuncishiswe kokubili kokufa kanye nesimo esivame ukulimala kulezi zifo.
Ezinye izifo ezithathelwanayo ezingase zibandakanye isimiso sezinzwa zomphakathi singase senzeke kunoma ubani. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izifo ezithathelwanayo eziyimfucumfucu yizo ezingenzeka uma umuntu enesisindo sokuzivikela ngenxa yesifo somdlavuza, i-HIV, noma ezinye izimo zezokwelapha ezingapheli.
Ama-parasites angase aphethe ubuchopho afaka:
I-Toxoplasmosis
I-Toxoplasmosis yisifo sofuba esibangelwa yi-protozoan Toxoplasma gondii . Isakazwa kabanzi emhlabeni jikelele ngamaphesenti angama-15 abantu base-US, futhi cishe amaphesenti angu-50 eYurophu, anesifo esihle sokulwa nesifo.
Isivikelo somzimba sokuzivikela sisenza ukuthi iningi lethu lisetshenziswe. Kodwa ezimweni ze-immunodeficiency, njenge- AIDS , i-parasite iyakwazi ukuqhuba i-amok ebuchosheni, idale ama-abscesses e- circular ebonakalayo kwi-MRI. I-Toxoplasmosis ingabangela ukuphathwa ikhanda, ukuhlukunyezwa , ukulahlekelwa kwezinto eziphathelene negazi kanye nezinguquko zesimo sengqondo.
I-Toxoplasmosis yisimo esichaza i- AIDS ngokusho kwe-CDC, ekhuluma ngezifo ezihlobene ngokuqondile nokususwa kwesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela esihlotshaniswa nokutheleleka nge-HIV.
I-Toxoplasmosis ivame ukuhlotshaniswa ne-cat litter, kodwa icala elibhekene nama-felines lingase linyanyiswe. Ezigulini ezine-AIDS, akukho umehluko engozini ngokususelwa ekubhekaneni ne-kitty litter.
Ukwelashwa okuthandwayo kwe-toxoplasmosis kuhlanganisa i-pyrimethamine, i-leucovorin, ne-sulfadiazine. Uma kukhona ukukhathazeka kokucindezela okuphezulu okukhipha imishanguzo , kufanele i-steroids ifanele isetshenziswe. Ngokuvamile, kungcono ukuvimbela ukuthi ukutheleleka kungenzeki ngokugwema ukugonywa komzimba nokusebenzisa imithi ye-prophylactic kulabo abanamasosha omzimba okwehlisiwe. Ngenxa yokwelashwa kwe-prophylactic kanye nokwelashwa kwe-antiretroviral , izinga lokutheleleka okuhlobene ne-toxoplasmosis liwile kusukela ekuphakameni kwalo ngo-1995.
Izindlela zokuvimbela zingase zibandakanye ukugwema udoti (noma ugqoke amagilavu okungenani), udla inyama kuphela ephekiwe ngokugcwele, uhlanze izithelo nemifino, futhi ugqoke amagilavu noma nini lapho ugadile khona (cabanga: ibhokisi lensimbi yangaphandle.)
Neurocysticercosis
I-neurocysticercosis iyenzeka lapho abantu befaka amaqanda eTaenia solium , i-tapeworm yengulube amaqanda ayo atholakala emanzini omuntu. Ukungena amaqanda kuholela kumabhodlela amathintela akhula ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zabantu, ikakhulukazi ebuchosheni nasemisipha. Lokhu kuholela ekubanjeni nokuningi.
Ukutheleleka, okungahambisani nenkolelo evamile, akubangelwa ngqo ngokudla ingulube engelapheki. Lapho inyama yengulube idliwe, ama-cysts angaholela ekutheleleni kwe-tapeworm emathunjini amancane ne-worm ngayinye echitha izinkulungwane zamaqanda. Kungamaqanda angabangela i-neurocysticercosis. Uma umuntu edla amaqanda omshini we-tapeworm (oye waphonswa ngumthwali we-tapeworm), umbungu wesibungu ungadlulisa emathunjini bese wenza indlela eya ohlelweni lwezinzwa noma umgogodla.
Izimpawu zingase zibandakanye ukunyuka kwengcindezi, ukukhanda ikhanda nokukhwabanisa.
Lesi sifo sivame kakhulu ezindaweni lapho kuphakanyiswa khona izingulube kanye nokuhlanzeka kwendle, kubandakanya okuningi eNingizimu Melika naseNdiya, futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi kune-50 million abantu emhlabeni jikelele. I-Cysticercosis iyimbangela ehamba phambili yokubamba emhlabeni wonke futhi inkinga yezempilo ekhula e-United States (ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokufuduka kweLatin America.)
Ukwelashwa kune-albendazole ne-praziquantel kanye ne-steroids ukunciphisa ukuvuvukala ebuchosheni.
Ukuvimbela kuhlanganisa ukuwa izandla ngokucophelela, ukugwema inyama enobuthi, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi udla kuphela ingulube ephekwe kahle.
I-Cerebral Malaria
Ngaphandle kokwedlulisa, i-malaria ingenye yezingozi ezisemqoka ekuphileni komuntu kulo lonke umlando wesintu. Eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane, lesi sifo sibulale amakhulu ezigidi zabantu. Ukusebenza kwalesi sifo siyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa cishe njalo kuhilela ukudluliswa ngumuthi osulelekile. Lapha sizoxoxa kafushane nje ngama-macyria amathekisthi amaningi ekubhujisweni kwabantu: ukuhlasela okuqondile kwamathishu ebuchopho.
I-cerebral malaria ingabangela ushintsho ekuqapheleni noma ekuthinjeni. Ngaphandle kokwelashwa, lesi sifo sivame ukuqhubekela phambili ku-coma noma ukufa. Ngokwelashwa, ukufa kuphakathi kwamaphesenti angu-15 kuya kwangu-20. Abanye abasinda, ikakhulukazi izingane, bangaba nezinsalela zokuhlala ezinjengobumpumputhe, ukungazizwa, ukugabuka, noma izinkinga zokuqonda.
I-malaria ye-cerebral ivame kakhulu lapho i-malaria ikhona khona, njenge-Afrika. Izivakashi ezifundeni ezinjalo zingasiza ekuvimbeleni ukutheleleka kwe-malaria ngemithi ye-prophylactic nezinye izinyathelo zokuvimbela. Labo ababhekene nokutheleleka kwe-malaria badinga ukwelashwa ngokushesha nge-cinchona alkaloids njenge-quinidine, noma izidakamizwa ze-artemisinin ezifana ne-artesunate. Leli yilezi izidakamizwa ezikhethwe ngokutheleleka okukhulu.
I-Trypanosomiasis yabantu base-Afrika
I-Trypanosomiasis, ebizwa nangokuthi igula ukugula, ibangelwa ama- protozoan parasites Trypansoma brucei gambiense noma i- Trypansoma brucei rhodosiense . Njenge-malaria, i-parasite isakazwa yi-host host. I-trypanosomiasis yaseMelika isakazwa yi- bug ass . I-trypanosomiasis yase-Afrika isakazwa yizindiza ze - tsetse , ezishiya uphawu olubuhlungu, oluphakathi kwamamitha amabili kuya kwangu-5 esikhumbeni. Ukuhlaselwa kungase kulandele.
Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, ngezinye izikhathi iminyaka, i-parasite isakazeka kusuka egazini kuya ebuchosheni, eholele ekuyeni kwe- meningoencephalitis nokuvuvukala. Ikhanda, kunzima ukucabanga, izinguquko zobuntu, nokuphazamiseka kokunyakaza okunjengokuthuthumela noma i- ataxia (ukungabi nokuxhumana) kungaholela. Lesi sifo sibulala ngaphandle kokwelashwa. Ukuze uhlolisise lesi sifo, ama-parasite kufanele abonwe ngaphansi kwe-microscope ngaphakathi kwesampula ezifana ne-cerebrospinal fluid. Ukwelashwa kuhilela imithi efana ne-eflornithine noma i-melarsoprol-engaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu-kodwa ingcono kakhulu kunokuvumela ukuthi ukutheleleka kungaphathwa kabi.
Schistosomiasis
I-schistosomiasis , ebizwa ngokuthi i-bilharzia noma i-bilharziasis, ibangelwa ukutheleleka ngamancane, ama-flatworms abizwa ngokuthi ama-flukes. Ngokuvamile, lezi zibungu ezincane ezinamaqabunga zibangela izinkinga zamathumbu, izinambuzane, izinso noma isinye. Emhlabeni wonke, cishe umuntu oyedwa kwabangu-30 uthwala lezi schistosomes, ezivame ukutholakala ngokugeza nokubhukuda emachibi amanzi ahlanzekile lapho lezi zibungu zihlala khona. Njengama-parasites amaningi, umjikelezo wokuphila kwalesi sakhi unzima futhi uhilela izigaba eziningi ezahlukene. Abantu bathola ukutheleleka ngokuxhumana namanzi asuka emachibini amanzi ahlanzekile anezimpungushe ze-schistosomal, ezingena esikhunjeni bese zifudukela emifuleni yegazi. Kanye emithanjeni yegazi, bangakwazi ukuhamba ngomzimba. Izibungu zisebenzisa ama-suckers ukunamathela odongeni lwegazi, lapho behlala khona iminyaka engaba ngu-30.
Abantu abaningi abanalo ukutheleleka abazizwa bengekho izimpawu. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi, ukutheleleka okuphawulekayo kungabonakala ngosuku olulunye emva kokuchayeka ngokushona okumnandi. Ngemva kwamasonto amabili kuya kwangu-8, umkhuhlane ungathuthuka. Kamuva, njengoba i-schistosomes ingasakazeka ezithombeni ezihlukene, izimpawu ezehlukene zingenzeka. Ngesinye isikhathi, izibungu zisakazeka emthonjeni womgogodla, kubangele ukuqubuka kwemithi . Lokhu kubangela ubuhlungu, ukungasebenzi kwamathumba, nokubuthakathaka kwezifunda ezingaphansi kwezinga lokutheleleka. Ukukhubazeka okungapheli kungaholela. Kwezinye izimo, i-schistosomiasis ingathinta ubuchopho, eholele ekubeni nesithuthwane noma ingcindezi ephakeme yokucindezeleka.
Ngenxa yokuthi lezi zibungu zingaphila emzimbeni iminyaka eminingi, okungenzeka kube nezinkinga ezinkulu nganoma isiphi isikhathi, abantu abanegciwane kufanele baphathwe kungakhathaliseki ukuthi banezimpawu ezimbi. Praziquantel ukwelashwa okukhethile. Uma ama-fluke ahlasela isimiso sezinzwa, ama-steroids kufanele anikezwe kanye ukuze anciphise impendulo yokuvuvukala.
Abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-240 banesandulela ngculaza ngonyaka.
Echinococcosis
I-Echinococcus, ebizwa nangokuthi i-hydatidosis, iyimfucumfucu, lapho isigaba sokuqala sokuphila, ingabangela ama-cyst ezintheni eziphilayo ezihlanganisa ubuchopho nomgogodla. Ama-parasites aphethwe yi- Echinococcus granulosus ne- Echinococcus multilocularis . Abantu bathola ukutheleleka ngokudla ukudla okungcolile. Lesi sifo asivamile kubantu base-United States kodwa sivame kakhulu e-Afrika, e-Asia Ephakathi, eNingizimu Ningizimu Melika, eMedithera naseMpumalanga Ephakathi.
Izigaba zokuqala zokutheleleka zihlale zingenasifo, futhi kungase kube iminyaka ngaphambi kokuba ama-cysts abangele izinkinga. Esikhathini sobuchopho, ama-cysts angabangela ukucindezeleka noma ukucindezelwa okuphezulu okuphezulu. Emthonjeni womgogodla, ama-cysts angabangela ukucindezeleka komgogodla nokukhubazeka. Izifo zesimiso sezinzwa zomphakathi azivamile, kodwa-ngokuvamile ama-cyst ahlasela ezinye izitho, njengamaphaphu noma isibindi.
Ama-cyst angatholakala nge-CT scan, kodwa ngokuvamile atholakala lapho ukuhlolwa kwesithombe kwenziwa ngezinye izizathu. Ama-Cyst angahle adinge ukususwa kokuhlinzwa, kaningi nge ukwelashwa okungeziwe ngomuthi onjenge-albendazole noma i-praziquantel.
I-Trichinella
I-Trichenellosis isifo esibangelwa yi-roundworms (i-nematodes) futhi ivame ukutholakala emzimbeni wezingulube ezingasetshenziswanga (nakuba ingatholakala kwezinye izinhlobo zenyama.) Ukutheleleka akuvamile kwi-United States ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kokulungiselela ukudla. I-Larva ihlasela odongeni lwesiguli esincane bese ikhula ibe izimpethu ezindala. I-Worms iyaqhubeka ikhulule amaqanda akhula abe ama-cyst emisipha. Lapho isisulu siguliswa esinye isilwane, umjikelezo uyaqhubeka.
I-trichinellosis enamandla ingabangela i-meningoencephalitis. Ikhanda liyisifo esivamile. Ukuvuvukala, ukushaywa , nokugwinya kungase kwenzeke. I-CT ingabonisa izilonda ezincane ze-cystic kulo lonke ubuchopho. Ukwelashwa kune-albendazole noma i-mebendazole, ngezinye izikhathi kuhlangene ne-prednisone ezimweni ezimbi.
I-Paragonimiasis
I-Paragonimiasis i-infectious parasitic nge-flatworm engangena emzimbeni ngokudla i-crab engaphekiwe noma i-crayfish. Kuyinto engavamile e-United States, nakuba amacala amaningana abike eMidwest. Ngokuvame ukutholakala emazweni aseMpumalanga Asia. I-parasite ayithinti kaningi isimiso sezinzwa zomphakathi kepha ama-parasite angase afinyelele ebuchosheni noma nge-blood stream noma nge-foramina engxenyeni ye-skull. Ifomu elidala le-parasite kokubili likhulula izinto ezivuthayo kanye nemigudu ngokusebenzisa izicubu, ezingabangela ukukhanda ikhanda, ukuhlukunyezwa, nokushaya (ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokuthungatha.)
Angiostrongyliasis
I-Angiostrongyliasis yisifo esithathelwanayo esibangelwa i- Angiostrongylus cantonensis, esivame kakhulu eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia kepha kungenzeka futhi eCaribbean. It is inkontileka ekudleni izimbongolo ezingcolile, slugs, crabs, noma prawns. Isibungu salesi sifo sihambela ebuchosheni obangela ukukhanda ikhanda, inselele, nokuqina kwentamo. Ngokungafani nokutheleleka okuningi kwe-parasitic yesimiso se-central central, akukho ukwelashwa okuqondile okutholakala futhi ukutheleleka kuvamise ukuxazulula isikhathi semasonto amane kuya kwamasonto ayisithupha.
Ngezansi kuma-Parasites Ethinta I-Brain and Cinal Sponge Cord
Njengoba kungapheli njengokutheleleka kwe-parasitic, kufanele kuqaphele ukuthi isikhathi esiningi, lezi zifo zingabonakali. Amaphesenti aphezulu abantu emhlabeni wonke ahlala nezibungu noma ezinye izibungu. Nokho, njengoba singase sibe nalezi zilwane, ukuhlasela kwezinhlelo zethu zezinzwa kuseduze kakhulu nenduduzo futhi kufanele kuthathwe ngokujulile.
Ukuhlanzeka okuhle ( ukugeza izandla kanye nokugqoka amagilavu) ngokucophelela nokuhlanza kahle izithelo nemifino kanye nokupheka okufanelekayo kokudla kungadala isikhathi eside ekunciphiseni ingozi yalezi zimo.
Imithombo
- Carpio, A., Romo, M., Parkhouse, R., Mfushane, B., no-T. Dua. Izifo Eziphazamisayo ZeSikhungo Esiyinhloko Senzwa: Izifundo Zabahlengikazi Nezinqubomgomo Zomthetho. Ukubuyekeza kobuchwepheshe ku-Neurotherapeutics . 2016. 16 (4): 401-414.
- Finsterer, J., noH. Auer. I-parasitoses yeSistimu Yezinzwa Ze-Human Central. I-Journal of Helminthology . 2013. 87 (3): 257-70.
- Fogang, Y., Savadogo, A., Camara, M. et al. Ukuphatha i-Neurocysticercosis: Izinselelo Nezixazululo. I-International Journal of General Medicine . 2015. 8: 333-44.
- Hora, R., Kapoor, P., Theth, K., noP. Mishra. Ukubonakaliswa kwe-Cerebral Malaria-Clinical and Pathogenesis. I-Metabolic Brain Disease . 2016. 31 (2): 225-37.
- Kasper, uDennis L .., u-Anthony S. Fauci, noStephen L .. Hauser. Izimiso zikaHarrison zeMithi yangaphakathi. ENew York: Mc Graw Hill Education, 2015. Phrinta.