Ngaphandle kweZika: Yini Okumele Uyazi Ngezifo Ezibuhlungu Zomswakama

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6 Izifo Eziwumswakama-Borne

Abaningi baseMelika bacabanga ngokumiyane ngokwemigomo jikelele: Ukulunywa umiyane kuphumela emlonyeni. Kodwa-ke, kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zazinyosi ngaphandle lapho, futhi izinhlobo ezahlukene zeminyamane zenza okungaphezu kwengozi yesenzo esivela esiphethweni esiyinkinga noma indawo ebomvu elibomvu. Izinyosi ezahlukene zingasakaza izinhlobo ezahlukene zezifo ezimbi.

Isibonelo, uhlobo lwezinyosi ze- Culex lusakaze igciwane le-West Nile, iSt. Louis encephalitis ne-arboviridae. Izinambuzane ezise- Anophelus zandalalelisalaleveva . Futhi-ke, izinyosi ze- Aedes -ikakhulukazi i- Aedes aegypti kodwa futhi ne- Aedes ablopictus- zibheke ukushisa kwe-yellow, dengue, chikungunya, ne-Zika.

Esinye isici esiyinhloko esenza ukuba umlenze ukwazi ukusabalalisa ukugula ngukukhethwa kwawo ngokukhethekile ngendawo yokuhlala. I-Culex pipiens , eyasakazeka eNtshonalanga YaseNtshonalanga, ithanda amanzi aphelile, angcolile, namanzi angcolile. Izinhlobo ze- Anopheles , ezisakazelaleveva, zikhetha imithombo yamanzi unomphela, njengamachibi, amachibi, namanzi.

Ngokuphambene nalokho, i- Aedes aegypti , eyasakaza igciwane le- Zika , i-dengue, ne-chikungunya, ingumunyo wamanzi angamanzi angakhula ngamanzi amancane, kufaka phakathi iziqukathi ezincane. Ngokungafani ne- Aedes ablopictus , okungaphezulu komswakama wasezindaweni zasemaphandleni futhi engasebenzi kakhulu ezifweni ezisakazwa kuhlanganise ne-Zika virus, i- Aedes aegypti inokukhetha okukhethekile ezindaweni zasemadolobheni.

Ukuhlanganiswa ndawonye, ​​lezi zindawo ezithandwayo zendawo zichaza ukuthi kungani kube khona ukuqhuma kwegciwane leZika ezindaweni ezimanzi, ezinamanzi, ezinabantu abaningi ezinjengezo eBrazil. Njengoba kungenzeka ukuthi uke wezwa, cishe amacala angu-4000 we-microcephaly asanda kuzalwa, abaningi abacatshangelwa ukuthi bahlobene nokutheleleka kwegciwane lesandulela ngculaza, babonwa eBrazil ngo-2015.

Nazi izifo ezihlukene ezithwala umiyane eziyisithupha:

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I-Yellow Fever

Ngo-1904, amaMelika aqala ukwakhiwa ePanama Canal (emva kokuba amaFulentshi abashiya iphrojekthi), namuhla ejoyina amaLwandle ase-Atlantic nasePacific. Ngonyaka we-1906, amaphesenti angama-85 abasebenzi abesebekwe esibhedlela nge-yellow fever noma nge-malaria. Kulezi zifo ezimbili ezithathelwana umiyane, i-yellow fever yayibhekwa njengento ebulalayo.

I-yellow fever ihanjiswa ngokuyinhloko yi- Aedes aegypti , eyaziwa nangokuthi umlingo we- yellow fever . Imibhede eshisayo yokutheleleka ihlanganisa i-Afrika ne-Latin America. Izimpawu ze-yellow fever zingabuka ekuguleni okuncane kuya kumkhuhlane we-viral hemorrhagic. (Ebola kanye ne-dengue ingabangela nomkhuhlane we-viral hemorrhagic.)

I-yellow fever ibulala amaphesenti angaba ngu-20 kubo bonke abantu ukuthi iyathinta. Izimpawu ezinzima zifaka umkhuhlane oqhubekayo, ukugabha, ukuhlanza, ikhanda lokukhwabanisa, i-arrhythmias, i-coma, nokushaqeka. I-classic triad yezimpawu iqukethe i-albuminuria (amaprotheni emcimbini), i-jaundice (yingakho lokhu kugula kuthiwa i-yellow fever) no-emesis omnyama, noma ukuhlanza.

Ukwelashwa kwe-yellow fever kubonisa uphawu futhi kuhlanganisa imithi yokuphumula ubuhlungu kanye nezikhukhula. Kukhona ukugoma okusebenza kahle okuvimbela ukushisa komzimba ophuzi.

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Chikungunya

Njenge-yellow fever, i-chikungunya isakazwa ngu- Aedes aegypti . I-Chikungunya nayo isakazwa yizinyosi zase-Asian ( Aedes albopictus ).

Mhlawumbe into enhle kuphela mayelana ne- chikungunya , ngaphandle kwegama layo elihle, ukuthi lesi sifo ngeke sikubulale. Kodwa-ke, uma unesihlungu ngokwanele ukuthi unesifo sengculazi, ulungele ukuhamba ngeviki elilodwa lamaholidi.

I-Chikungunya ibangela ubuhlungu obunzima obukhulu, ikhanda, umkhuhlane, nokushona. Ubuhlungu obuhlangene bungaphikelela iminyaka eminingi emva kokutheleleka.

Ngaphandle kokwelashwa okusekelayo, njengamanzi okuphuza kanye nemithi ebuhlungu njengeTylenol, akukho lutho olwenzelwe i-chikungunya. Akukho futhi ukugoma ukuvimbela lesi sifo. Abantu abahlala ezindaweni lapho i-chikungunya ikhona khona kufanele igqoke izigulane ezinambuzane futhi zimboze ukuze kuvinjelwe ukulunywa umiyane.

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I-Dengue

I-Dengue isakazwa yi- Aedes aegypti no- Aedes albopictus .

I-Dengue inikeza okuningi njenge-chikungunya; imfiva, ukushona, nokukhwabanisa konke kuhambisane nale nkambo. Kodwa-ke, esikhundleni sezinhlungu ezihlangene (i-arthralgia) efana ne-chikungunya, i-dengue iveza ngezihlungu zomzimba noma i-myalgia. Lokhu ubuhlungu be-muscle bungaba bukhulu kakhulu kangangokuthi i- dengue ihambise i-moniker yayo: "i-breakbone fever."

Iningi labantu abane- feengue fever liyabuyisela. Ngeshwa, abanye bayaqhubeka nokuthuthukisa umkhuhlane we-dengue , obulalayo ngaphandle kokuqala nokunakekelwa okunamandla nokunakekelwa kwamanzi, ukumpontshelwa igazi nokunye ukunakekelwa okunzima. Abantu abanomkhuhlane we-dengue obhekene nomzimba ongashiywa ungaphenduliwe baphela ukuphuma kwegazi kusuka ezingxenyeni eziningi zomzimba futhi bangafa ngokushaqeka.

Umkhuhlane we-Dengue uphathwa ngokuphawulekayo, futhi akukho ukwelashwa okukhona.

Ngemva kweminyaka engu-20 yocwaningo, isiFulentshi eqine imithi iSanofi sakha ukugoma ngedengue ngo-2015.

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I-Malaria

I-Malaria isakazwa yi- Anophelus imiyane, ephethe iPlasmodium ye -parasite.

I-Malaria inesibopho sokufa kwabantu abayizigidi ngonyaka; lisakazeka emazweni amaningi asathuthuka asezindaweni ezishisayo nezamaxhaphozi.

Nazi ezinye izimpawu ezivamile ze-malariya:

• ukuhlaselwa okuphakathi kwe-fever, ukujuluka, kanye nama-chills
• ikhanda
• ukuhlanza
• ubuhlungu besisu (myalgia)
• i-anemia
• i-thrombocytopenia (ukubhujiswa kwamaplatelets)
• i-splenomegaly (ipeni ekhulisiwe)

Ukutheleleka okukhulu nge-malaria kuhlanganisa ukulimala kwegciwane elisengcupheni yokuphila, i-hypotension (umfutho wegazi ophuthumayo), i-edema ye-pulmona (uketshezi emaphashini), i-anemia enamandla, isisindo somzimba (usawoti womzimba) nokuningi.

Ngenhlanhla, izidakamizwa ze-anti-malaria ziyasebenza ekuphatheni i-malaria; I-chloroquine yindlela yokwelapha yokuqala.

Izidakamizwa ze-Antimalaria nazo zingasetshenziswa njenge-prophylaxis ukuvimbela i-malaria kubahambi.

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I-Virus yeNew West

E-Eastern seaboard yase-United States, uCulex pipiens usakaze igciwane le-West Nile. Ngokungafani nezinye izinyosi ezikhulunywe ngenhla, ezisakaze ukutheleleka phakathi kwabantu, uCulex pipiens udlulisela eNtshonalanga Nile ngemuva kokushaya inyoni kuqala bese eyesibili ngomuntu.

Iningi labantu abanesifo sengculazi saseNtshonalanga yeNtshonalanga yehla ngaphandle kwezimpawu futhi ngakho-ke ayinakuqhathaniswa. I-CDC inqume ukuthi omunye wabantu abahlanu abanegciwane lesigciwane seWest Nile ahlakulela izimpawu zomtholampilo ezincane, kufaka ekhatsi umkhuhlane, ukuhlanza, uhudo, ukuqhuma, kanye nezinhlungu nezinhlungu.

Abambalwa abantu - ikakhulukazi abantu asebekhulile kuneminyaka engama-60 ubudala abanemibandela efana nesifo sikashukela, umfutho wegazi ophakeme, noma umdlavuza - qhubeka nokuthuthukisa ukutheleleka okukhulu. Ukutheleleka okukhulu kuhilela izinkinga ze-neurological: i-meningitis noma i-encephalitis. Cishe amaphesenti ayishumi abantu abahlakulela ukutheleleka okunjalo kufa.

Ayikho ikhambi noma umuthi wokugoma wegciwane lesigciwane se-West Nile. Kubantu abanokugula okuncane, ukwelashwa okuyisimangaliso kunikezwa. Abantu abanezifo ezinzima badinga ukunakekelwa okusekelwayo kanye nokuhlala esibhedlela.

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I-Virus Zika

Njenga-dengue, i-yellow fever, ne-chikungunya, igciwane le-Zika ngokuyinhloko lisakazwa yi- Aedes aegypti .

Ekuqaleni kuka-2016, i-WHO yamemezela ukuthi igciwane leZika laliyisidingo esiphuthumayo sezempilo emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yokuxhumana okulimazayo kwe-microcephaly kanye nezinye izinkinga zokuzalwa phakathi kwezinsana zaseBrazil.

_Imithombo:

_{I-Papadakis MA, McPhee SJ. I-Malaria. Ku: Papadakis MA, McPhee SJ. ama-eds. Ukuxilongwa Okusheshayo Kwezokwelapha Nezokwelapha 2016 . ENew York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2016. Kufinyelelwe ngoFebhuwari 05, 2016.}

_{I-Venugopal R, D'Andrea S. Abahambi Bomhlaba Wonke. Ku: Tintinalli JE, Stapczynski J, Ma O, Yealy DM, Meckler GD, Cline DM. ama-eds. Umuthi Ophuthumayo We-Tintinalli: Umhlahlandlela Wokufunda Ophelele, 8e . ENew York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2016. Kufinyelelwe ngoFebhuwari 04, 2016.}