I-yellow fever ibangelwa i-Flavivirus. Ngokuvamile abantu baxhumana nale gciwane ngokusebenzisa ukulunywa kwezinambuzane, futhi kuvame kakhulu e-Afrika, eMelika Ephakathi naseNingizimu Melika. Noma kunjalo, ukuqhuma kungenzeka noma kuphi emhlabeni. Kungenzeka ukuthi ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi bomswakama.
Akuwona wonke umuntu ozwa umlenze onegciwane ozogula.
Amaqembu ambalwa kuphela abantu angase abhekane nesimo esibi sokugula.
Izimbangela ezivamile
Nakuba ukulunywa umiyane kuyimbangela evamile kakhulu ye-yellow fever, akuyona imbangela kuphela. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi ubambe i-yellow fever uma ulwa yinkunzi noma umuntu. Yiqiniso, abantu kanye nezilwane ezifuywayo bangaluma kakhulu kunomunyane, ngakho-ke isilwane esithathelwanayo asisondeli kakhulu.
Ezinye izilwane ezihlabayo nezinambuzane akusona isongo ngoba abantu, ama-primates, kanye nezinambuzane kuphela abaziwa yi-virus.
Futhi, akuzona zonke izinambuzane ezithwala igciwane lesifo se-yellow fever-kuphela izinhlobo eziningana zobumangwane eziyaziwa ukuthi ziyithwala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezo zinyosi zibeka usongo uma zishaye umuntu othelelekile noma isilwane. Ngemuva kokuthi igciwane lingena emgodleni wegazi legciwane, liphela emahlombe alo. Lapho umiyane usilima, amathe abo ayithwala egazini lethu.
Izifo Zande
I-yellow fever ayifaki ukusakazwa ngokuqondile kusuka komuntu oyedwa kuya komunye, ngisho nangokuxhumana okude-kuthatha uhlobo oluthile lokuluma ukuze uthole igciwane ngqo emgodleni wakho wegazi.
Ngokuvamile, ukuqhuma ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni kuqala ngomuntu ovakashele ehlathini e-Afrika, eMelika Ephakathi, noma eNingizimu Melika.
Kulezo zifunda, i-yellow fever iningi emazweni angu-47, lapho kukholelwa khona ukuthi inani lezinambuzane lisuleleke kakhulu. I-Afrika engaphansi kweSahara ihlala ngamaphesenti angaba ngu-90 wamacala abikiwe njalo ngonyaka.
Ngenxa yokuthi umuntu olelekile akaqali ukuba nezimpawu ezinsukwini ezimbalwa, ngokuvamile akaqondi ukuthi uyagula uma ebuyela ekhaya. Bese bakwazi ukusabalalisa igciwane ezinyangeni ezingenakulinganiswa kuqala ngaphambi kokuba umkhuhlane uhlasele futhi cishe izinsuku ezintathu kuya kwezinhlanu emva kwalokho. Lokhu kungaholela ekuqhumeni. Kungenzeka ukuthi iziqhumane zingabangela izifo eziwumshayabhuqe.
Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kweWorld Health Organization (WHO), izimo ezithile kufanele zihlangane ukuze kuqhume ukuqhuma. Isifunda umuntu osulelekile kumele abe nalokhu:
- Izinhlobo zezinambuzane ezikwazi ukuzithumela
- Izimo ezicacile (ie, amahlathi ashisayo, umswakama ophezulu, imizimba yamanzi namanje njengamachibi)
- Inani elikhulu lezinhlanzi ukuze lilondoloze
- Inani elikhulu labantu abangagciniwe
I-WHO ilinganisela ukuthi, emhlabeni wonke, sibona amacala angama-200,000 abikwa nge-yellow fever njalo ngonyaka. Abantu abangaba ngu-30 000 bafa kuwo njalo ngonyaka.
Lokho kuphela amacala abikiwe, noma kunjalo. Asikwazi ukusho ukuthi bangaki abantu abahle behla ngamacala amancane ngenxa yokuthi ngokuvamile yizona ezinzima ezibikiwe.
Ucwaningo olulodwa olwanyatheliswa ngo-2014 lucatshangelwa ukuthi endaweni ethile phakathi kwabantu abangu-70 isifo esithobekile kuzo zonke izinkinga ezibikiwe.
I-Genetics
Abantu abathile bangase babe nokufa ngenxa ye-yellow fever kunabanye ngokusekelwe kofuzo lwabo.
Ucwaningo lwango-2014 olwanyatheliswa ephephandabeni mBio lubika ukuthi phakathi nokuvuthwa kwekhulu le-19 e-United States, ukufa kwaba cishe izikhathi eziyisikhombisa emaCaucasus (abantu abamhlophe) kunabase-Caucasus. Babecabanga ukuthi umehluko wawubangelwa ukungafani kwezakhi zofuzo kwezinye izici zamasosha omzimba.
Izindlela Zengozi Yokuphila
Ingozi enkulu kunazo zonke ye-yellow fever ihlala noma ihamba ezindaweni ezihlala khona lapho i-yellow fever ejwayelekile.
Nokho, leyo ngozi ingancishiswa kakhulu ngokugonywa. Amanye amazwe lapho lesi sifo siphelele khona ngeke avumele abantu bangene ngaphandle kobufakazi bokuthi banomgomo.
Amantombazane nabantu abangaphezu kuka-50 banamathuba amaningi okuthuthukisa amacala ahlukumezayo futhi bafe nge-yellow fever.
Noma kunjalo, ukuvimbela okufanele kunciphisa kakhulu ingozi yokuthola lesi sifo. Kulabo abasuke benesandulela ngculaza futhi banezibonakaliso ezinzima, ukwelashwa okusheshayo kubalulekile.
> Imithombo:
> Blake LE, Garcia-Blanco MA. Ukuhluka kofuzo lomuntu kanye nokufa kwe-yellow fever phakathi ne-19 leminyaka yezifo ze-AIDS. mBio. 2014 Jun 3; 5 (3): e01253-14. i-doi: 10.1128 / mBio.01253-14.
> UJohansson MA, Vasconcelos PF, iSpaples JE. I-iceberg yonke: ukulinganisa isifo segciwane lesifo se-yellow fever virus kusukela kwinani lamacala aqinile. Ukuthengiselana kweRoyal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2014 Aug; 108 (8): 482-7. i-doi: 10.1093 / trstmh / tru092.
> I-World Health Organization. I-Yellow Fever: I-Fact Sheets March 2018.