Ukutheleleka ngegciwane le-West Nile cishe kusakazwa ngokuxhumana nobuyane obuthatha igciwane, nakuba ezinye izindlela zokutheleleka nazo ziye zabonakala. Ukuqonda ukuthi leli gciwane liyasakazwa kanjani indlela engcono yokugwema ukutheleleka kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi eNtshonalanga.
Umlando
Igciwane le-West Nile liyi-virus ye- RNA , ehlukaniswe izichwepheshe zesifo esithathelwanayo njengelungu leqembu le-encephalitis yaseJapane.
Kwakuqala ukuhlukaniswa nesampula segazi egcinwe ngawo-1930 ukusuka eNtshonalanga Nile yase-Uganda.
Emashumini eminyaka amuva igciwane liye lasakazeka emhlabeni jikelele, futhi namuhla litholakala e-Afrika, eMpumalanga Ephakathi, eYurophu, e-Asia, e-Australia, naseNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika.
Nakuba ekuqaleni kwakucatshangwa ukuthi akuyona into ekhethekile, igciwane laseNtshonalanga Nile manje liyaziwa ukuthi libhekene nehlobo eliyingozi kakhulu le- meningitis ne- encephalitis ngesilinganiso esincane salabo abathintekayo.
Izimbangela Ezivamile Zokutheleleka
Igciwane le-West Nile li-arbovirus, okungukuthi, igciwane elidluliselwa yi-arthropods. Kuphela cishe kusakazwa yizinyosi. Igciwane litholakala yizinyosi lapho zidla izinyoni, umphathi omkhulu wegciwane le-West Nile.
Imiyane
Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-60 zobumyane eziboniswe ukuthi zinegciwane lesandulela ngculaza eNew Nile nase-United States naseCanada. Izinambuzane ezisakaza igciwane kubantu ngokuvamile ziyizinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo zeCulex, izinambuzane ezivame kakhulu ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba.
I-West Nile igciwane liye lahlukaniswa nemikhaza, kodwa akucaci ukuthi imikhaza iyinvector yokutheleleka.
Indima Yezinyoni
Izinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni ziye zaziwa njengezithako ezinegciwane, futhi yiziphi izindlela igciwane laseNtshonalanga eNayile elisakaze ngayo emhlabeni wonke. Ngokujwayelekile, izinyoni ezithathelwana negciwane le-West Nile zinezinkinga eziphezulu zegciwane egazini labo isikhathi eside kodwa azikho izimpawu.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi inyoni enegciwane iyakwazi ukudlulisa igciwane emantwaneni isikhathi eside.
Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinhlobo zezimpungushe, amahlungulu, nama-jay ziye zabulawa izinga eliphezulu lokufa kwegciwane lesandulela ngculaza eNew West, kanti izindawo eziningana zendawo zithole ukufa kwezinyoni ezandayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abahlala eduze nendawo lapho kunezinyoni eziningi eziye zafa ngegciwane kubonakala sengathi kunezifo eziphezulu zegciwane lesandulela ngculazi eNew West.
Ezinye Izindlela Zokutheleleka
Nakuba izindlela eziyinhloko zokutheleleka kwabantu zikhona kakhulu ngokuxhumana nezinyosi ezithathelwanayo, igciwane laseNtshonalanga Nile lingatholakala nangokuxhumana negazi noma imikhiqizo yegazi kusuka kubantu abanegciwane egazini labo.
Ukuthungathwa
Ukutheleleka ngegciwane le-West Nile kuye kwabonakala sengathi kwenzeka ngegazi lokumpontshelwa igazi kanye nokumpontshelwa kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu, i-plasma nama-plateslet. Leli fomu lokudlulisela liye lahliswa kakhulu manje lapho ukuhlolwa kwendawo yonke kwenziwa emazweni amaningi ngemikhiqizo yegazi. Lokhu kuhlola akuphelele, kodwa, ngoba kungase kungatholi igciwane le-West Nile uma lisezingeni eliphansi kakhulu.
Ukuguqula
Ngokuvamile, ukutheleleka ngegciwane lesandulela ngculazi laseNtshonalanga kuyenzeka futhi nokufakelwa komzimba kusuka kubanikeli abanegciwane. Kulezi zimo i-serum ehlongozwayo evela kubanikeli ibilokhu ingalungile igciwane le-West Nile, liphakamisa ngokuqinile ukuthi igciwane eliphilayo likhona okwamanje ezinhlanganweni ezinikelwe.
Ukukhulelwa
Kubuye kube nezimo ezimbalwa zokutheleleka kwegciwane lesandulela ngculaza laseNtshonalanga, okubangelwa ukusakazeka kulo lonke i-placenta kusukela kumama kuya emntwaneni ngesikhathi se-trimester yesithathu. Kulezi zimo, izinsana zakhula ngesifo ngemuva kokuzalwa. Naphezu kwale mibiko, ukudluliselwa kwamagciwane e-West Nile kubhekwa ukuthi akuvamile.
Izimbangela Zezibonakaliso
Lapho igciwane lesigodi saseNtshonalanga lingena egazini futhi liqala ukwanda, isimiso somzimba samasosha omzimba sisabela ngokushesha ukuze sisuse igciwane.
Ngokuvamile, ama-antibodies ku-virus avela ngokushesha. Lezi zinqamuzana zibopha izinhlayiyana zegciwane futhi zibangela ukuba zibhujiswe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amangqamuzana omzimba omzimba avuselele ngokushesha ukuhlasela igciwane. Impendulo yegciwane lengculaza iholela ekukhiqizeni i-interferons ehlukahlukene kanye ne- cytokines , elwa negciwane kepha ngokuvamile eveza ukuvuvukala, okuholela ekuboniseni izimpawu ze-West Nile fever. Ngalezi zindlela, isimiso somzimba samasosha omzimba sisusa igciwane ezinsukwini ezimbalwa.
Kodwa kwabanye abantu, igciwane le-West Nile liyakwazi ukuwela umkhawulo wegazi futhi lizuze ngaphakathi kwesimiso sezinzwa. Laba bantu yibo abahlakulela imiphumela ehlonishwa kakhulu yegciwane le-West Nile-meningitis noma i-encephalitis.
Izingozi Zezingozi
Noma yimuphi umuntu oshaywe umiyane endaweni lapho inyoni ephethe khona igciwane leNtshonalanga yeNayile liyakwazi ukutheleleka. Njengoba lezi zindawo manje zihlanganisa ingxenye enkulu yomhlaba, cishe noma yikuphi ukulunywa kwamangqamuzana kungase kudlulisele igciwane, kunoma yimuphi umuntu. Uma umlingo ohlabayo uthola, ukhulisa ingozi yakho.
Iningi labantu abanesandulela ngculazi laseNtshonalanga yeNew Nile banenkinga yokuzimela kuphela, noma azikho izimpawu. Kodwa-ke, inani elincane labantu abanegciwane (abangaphansi kwephesenti elilodwa) lizohlakulela uhlobo oluyingozi, olusongela impilo le-infection.
Ngenkathi le miphumela ebuhlungu ingathinta noma ubani osulele igciwane le-West Nile, abanye babonakala benengozi enkulu yokuthuthukisa i-meningitis noma i-encephalitis. Izinto ezandisa le ngozi zibandakanya:
- Ubudala obudala
- I-Cancer
- I-chemotherapy yakamuva
- Isifo sikashukela
- Ukuphuza utshwala
- Isifo sezinso
- Ubulili besilisa
Kulezi zimo, kubalulekile ukusebenza nodokotela wakho uma ubona noma yini engavamile, ngisho noma kubonakala sengathi kubanda.
> Imithombo:
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> Johnson Gd, Eidson M, Schmit K, Et Al. Ukubikezelwa Kwendawo Ye-Human Setset Ye-Virus Nile YaseNtshonalanga Esebenzisa AmaClusters E-Dead Crow: Ukuhlolwa Kweminyaka 2002 Idatha E-New York State. Am J Epidemiol 2006; 163: 171.
> O'leary Dr, Kuhn S, Kniss Kl, Et Al. Iziphumo zokuzalwa Ukulandela Ukwelashwa Kwabesifazane Abakhulelwe E-West Nile E-United States: 2003-2004. Izingane zokwelapha 2006; 117: E537.
> Petersen Lr, Brault Ac, Nasci Rs. I-Virus ye-West Nile: Ukubukezwa Kwezincwadi. I-JAMA 2013; 310: 308.
> Rizzo C, Napoli C, Venturi G, Et Al. Ukudluliswa kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi eNtshonalanga: Imiphumela Evela Kuhlelo Oluhlanganisiwe Lokuqapha I-Italy, 2008 kuya ku-2015. I-Euro Surveill 2016; 21.