Funda nge-ABA nokuthi Kungani Kuvame Ukusetshenziswa Nge-Autism
Kukhona ngempela into enjengokuthi "ukwelashwa kwe-autism." Kodwa-ke, abantu abaningi bachaza i- Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) ngokuthi "ukwelashwa kwe-autism," ikakhulukazi ngoba yilokho okwelashwa okuvame kakhulu ukuhlinzekwa futhi okukhokhelwa yizinhlelo zokuqala nokungena ezikoleni.
Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi i-ABA, eyakhiwe emashumini eminyaka adlule, ingenye yezindlela eziningi zokwelashwa okuziphatha okuhlinzekwa izingane ezine-autism.
Kodwa-ke, "umama" wazo zonke lezo zindlela ezihlukile, futhi ethandwa kakhulu (ikakhulukazi ngoba cishe kungenzeka ukuthi zixhaswe ngemali!).
Kunezizathu ezimbalwa zokuthi kungani i-ABA inikezwa kakhulu kubantwana ku-autism spectrum:
- I-ABA ibilokhu ihlala isikhathi eside, njengoba kungumphumela wendlela "yokuziphatha" endala eyenziwe nguBF Skinner emuva phakathi nawo-1900. Ngenxa yalokho, isungulwe kahle futhi iyaqondwa (nakuba u-ABA, cishe cishe wonke amacala, indlela enhle kakhulu futhi ebanzi kakhulu kunokuziphatha okudala).
- Imiphumela ye-ABA iye yafundwa ngokujulile emashumini eminyaka. U-ABA uzinikela ekutadisheni ngoba kuyindlela yokwelashwa eqala ngezinhloso ezicacile, ezilinganiselwe futhi isetshenziswe ngendlela enhle ngendlela efanayo yizo zonke iziguli.
- Ngenxa yokuthi isetshenziswe ngendlela efanayo yiwo wonke ochwepheshe, kulula ukuqeqesha abantu ukuba basebenzise i-ABA. Ngokuvamile, izinhlelo ze-ABA zakhiwe ngophrofayili oqeqeshiwe, kodwa-ke ziqaliswa yi-paraprofessional.
- Ngenxa yokuthi i-ABA inezinhloso ezikhonjiswe kakhulu, kulula ukubona nokukala impumelelo. Lokhu kwenza i-ABA ibe isihlobo "sezinga eliphansi legolide", ngokwesibonelo, emitholampilo yentuthuko eyakhelwe ngabanye izinselele ezithile, izinselele kanye nezinto ezithandayo. Umbuzo wokuthi ngabe empeleni usebenza kahle yini, awunzima ukuqhathanisa izindlela ezisenhloko.
- Izingane ezine-autism zivame ukuziphatha ngendlela enzima kakhulu, njengokuzihlukumeza nokuhlukunyezwa. Ukwelashwa kwe-ABA kuvame ukuphumelela ekunciphiseni ukuziphatha okubi ngenkathi kukhuthaza ukuziphatha okufunayo.
Yikuphi ngempela ukuhlaziywa kokuziphatha kanye nokwelashwa kokuziphatha?
Ukuhlaziywa kokuziphatha kubangelwa umqondo wokuthi ukuziphatha, ngisho nalapho kunzima noma ukudideka, kungaqondwa njengomphumela wokubheka ngokucophelela, ukugcinwa kwerekhodi nokuhlaziywa. Lapho ukuziphatha okuqondakalayo kuqondwa, kungashintshwa ngokusekelwe izidingo nezifiso zomuntu oziphatha ngayo.
I-Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) yindlela eyodwa yokwelashwa kwe-autism ezuze emcimbini wokuhlaziywa kokuziphatha.
Abahlinzeki be-ABA bahlola izingane nge-autism bese batusa futhi / noma basebenzise ukungenelela ukukhuthaza ukuziphatha okuthile noma "ukucima" ezinye izinto zokuziphatha. Esikhathini esedlule, ukungenelela kungase kuhlanganise nemiphumela emibi (isijeziso), kodwa namuhla, cishe bonke ochwepheshe bayavuma ukuthi isijeziso akuyona nje into engalungile kuphela kodwa futhi, ingxenye enkulu, ayinalutho.
Ibhodi le-Certification Analyst Board (BACB), inhlangano esekelwe eFlorida, inikeza izitifiketi ekuhlaziyweni kokuziphatha kubantu abaneziqu ze-bachelors nama-master degree.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye amanyuvesi anikeza ukugxila kwezinga lokuphathwa kokuziphatha. Nokho, ikakhulukazi, ochwepheshe bokuziphatha bangabantu abavela ezinkambiswaneni ezihlobene - imfundo, isayensi yezemvelo, umsebenzi wezenhlalakahle, njll - abaye bathatha izifundo futhi baqoqa isipiliyoni ekuqapheliseni, ekuhlaziyeni nasekulawuleni izimo ezinzima.
Kungani Umuntu Ophethe I-Autism Kudinga Ukubona I-ABA Therapist?
AbA therapists basebenzela ukwakha ukuziphatha okufiselekayo futhi baqede ukuziphatha okungathandeki. Izingane ezine-autism cishe zihlale zinzima ekuthuthukiseni izinhlobo ezithile zokuziphatha okufiselekayo (ukwenza ubuso, ukuxhumana nabanye, ukusebenzisa inkulumo ngendlela efanele, njll).
Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi babe nezenzo ezingathandeki ezivela ekugxileni noma ukugxila ekuzitholeni ukuhlukunyezwa ukushaya, ukukhakha noma ukushayela emotweni. Abantu abanezimoto bangathola nezindlela ezingathandeki zokugwema ukwenza lokho abangafuni ukukwenza: bangase bahlaziye, balayishe ngaphansi kwetafula, noma bavikele ezinye izinto ezingakhethi.
Ngabe isazi esikhethekile sokuziphatha senzelwe abantu abane-Autism?
Indima yezobuchwepheshe bokuziphatha ukugcina imvelo yengane, ukuqoqa imininingwane ngamakhono amantombazane, izinselele, izintandokazi kanye nezidingo, futhi ukuphakamisa kanye / noma ukwenza izinguquko ezifanele kanye / noma ukungenelela. Ukungenelela kungabuka ku-1: 1 ukwelashwa kumashadi wokuziphatha anezitika kanye nemiklomelo yokugqugquzela ekushintsheni kwimvelo edala ukuphoqeka kwamandla noma ukukhungatheka okungadingekile. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (kaningi isikhathi esiningi!) ABA ingafundisa amakhono ahlukahlukene kanye nokuziphatha - kusuka ezinyoweni ukuxubha ukudlala ukudlala.
Ngingayithola Kanjani Uchwepheshe Ofanelekile Wokuziphatha?
Enye indlela yokuthola abantu abaqeqeshiwe ngokuqeqeshwa ekuhlaziyweni kokuziphatha ukuhamba ngokubhalisa kwe-BACB, okuvumela umphakathi jikelele ukuba useshe ababhalisile ngendawo. Ngokuvamile, uma ukuziphatha okuyinselele kwenzeka endaweni yesikole, isifunda sesikole sizoletha ochwepheshe bokuziphatha noma ochwepheshe abazizwa bafanelekile. Abazali bangazibuza ukukhetha kochwepheshe - kodwa kungase kube nzima ukwenza ushintsho.
Ngokufanayo, izinhlelo zokungenelela zasemakhaya nezendawo zangakini ezinganeni ezingaphansi kweminyaka engathathu zingasebenzisa ochwepheshe babo bokuziphatha noma abaxhumanisi bokuziphatha. Abazali bangase babe nokukhetha ukuthi lowo mxhumanisi angene ekhaya ukuze agcine futhi asize ukuphatha izimo ezinzima ezihlobene nokuphila komndeni.
Ababonisi bokuphathwa kokuziphatha bangatholakala nasezibhedlela zendawo, emitholampilo ye-autism noma emayunivesithi. Bheka izinhlelo zokuqeqesha e-univesithi ezindaweni ezifana nemfundo ekhethekile, umsebenzi wezenhlalakahle kanye nezinsimu ezihlobene.