I-ABA ingafundisa amakhono futhi ishintshe ukuziphatha.
I-ABA ilula ku-Applied Behavioral Analysis, futhi ivame ukuchazwa ngokuthi "izinga legolide" lokuphathwa kwe-autism. I-Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA) yindlela yokwelashwa kwe-autism esekelwe emibonweni yokuziphatha, ebeka nje ukuthi, "ukuziphatha okulungile" kungafundiswa ngesistimu yemivuzo nemiphumela (noma, kamuva nje, ukuvuza nokugodla imivuzo).
Incazelo eyodwa yale nqubo ichaza kanje:
- Kusetshenzisiwe - izimiso ezisetshenziselwa ukuziphatha okubalulekile komphakathi
- Ukuziphatha - okusekelwe ezimisweni zesayensi zokuziphatha
- Ukuhlaziywa - inqubekelaphambili kulinganiswa futhi ukungenelela kushintshiwe
Umlando we-ABA
UDkt. Ivar Lovaas, isazi sezengqondo sokuziphatha, waqala ukusebenzisa i-ABA ku-autism eMnyangweni Weze Psychology e-UCLA ngo-1987. Wayekholelwa ukuthi amakhono ezenhlalakahle nezokuziphatha angafundiswa, ngisho nasezifundweni ze-ABA ezijulile. Lo mbono wawuyi (futhi) ukuthi i-autism iyisethi yezimpawu zokuziphatha ezingashintshwa noma "ukucinywa." Lapho ukuziphatha okuzenzakalelayo kungasabonakali kumuntu obukayo, ukucabanga ukuthi i-autism ngokwayo iye yaphathwa kahle.
Lapho eqala ukusebenzisa i-ABA, uLovaas wayengenqikazi ngokusebenzisa izijeziso zokungalaleli, ezinye zazo zingaba nzima kakhulu. Le ndlela ishintshwe ezimweni eziningi, kodwa isasebenza kwezinye izilungiselelo.
Kodwa-ke, ngokuvamile, "isijeziso" sithathelwe indawo ngokuthi "ukugodla imivuzo." Isibonelo, ingane engaphenduli kahle " umyalo " (umyalo) ngeke ithole umvuzo (reinforcer) njengokudla okuthandayo.
Noma yikuphi umbono womuntu mayelana nendlela kaLovaas (futhi abantu abaningi banomuzwa wokuthi i-ABA iyinto engcolile futhi engamhloniphi), umbono wakhe waba yinto eqinisile: abaningi uma kungenjalo izingane eziningi ezithola ukuqeqeshwa kwe-ABA ezijulile zifunde ukuziphatha kahle okungenani isikhathi esithile - - kanti abanye baze balahlekelwa ukuxilongwa kwe-autism ngemuva kweminyaka eminingi yokwelashwa okunamandla.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuziphatha okufanelekile ukuziphatha okufanayo "ukuphulukiswa" kuyiqiniso, umbuzo ongathintekayo.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinqubo zikaLovaas ziye zacwaningwa futhi zaguqulwa ngababelapha abaneemibono ehlukile yokuziphatha. Izindlela ezinjengokuthi "impendulo ephawulekayo" kanye ne "ABA-based-based-language" ziye zakha imithi ye-autism ngokwayo.
Yini Izingane ezingayifunda nge-ABA?
Esikhathini esiningi, i-ABA ihloswe "ukucima" ukuziphatha okungathandeki nokufundisa ukuziphatha nokuthanda. Isibonelo, i-ABA ingasetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ukuqhuma nokudabuka noma ukufundisa ingane ukuba ihlale ngokuthula, sebenzisa amagama ukwenza izicelo, noma ulinde ithuba lokudlala. I-ABA ingasetshenziswa futhi ukufundisa amakhono alula futhi anzima. Isibonelo, i-ABA ingasetshenziselwa ukuvuza umntwana ngokuxubha amazinyo ngendlela efanele, noma ngokuhlanganyela ithoyizi nomngani.
Ngenkathi i-ABA ingasetshenziswa ekuhlelweni "kwemvelo" (indawo yokudlala, isibonelo), akuhlosiwe ukwakha amakhono angokomzwelo noma omphakathi. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, ngenkathi i-ABA ingase ifundise ingane ukumbamba izandla noma ukubingelelana nomunye umuntu onokubamba ngesandla, ngeke kusize lo mntwana ukuba azizwe uxhumano lomzwelo nomunye umuntu. Kuthatha udokotela ongavamile ukusebenzisa i-ABA ekufundiseni okuqukethwe kwezemfundo, ukucabanga okucabangayo noma okufanekisela, noma ukuzwelana; Ngenxa yalokho, lawo makghono avame ukufundiswa ngezinye izindlela.
Indlela ABA Isebenza ngayo
Indlela eyisisekelo kunazo zonke yeLovaas iqala "ukuhlolwa okukodwa" ukwelashwa. Isivivinyo esicacile senziwa ngumbhali ocela ingane ngokuziphatha okuthile (isibonelo, "Johnny, sicela uthathe isipuni"). Uma ingane ihambisana, inikezwa "ukuqiniswa" noma umvuzo ngendlela yokudla okuncane, amahlanu aphezulu, nanoma imuphi omunye umvuzo okusho okuthile kumntwana. Uma ingane ingathobeli, ayiwamukeli umvuzo , futhi icala liphindwaphindwa.
Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi okuqukethwe okwehlukile kokuhlolwa kwe-discrete okuhloswe kusekelwe ekuhloleni kwengane ngayinye, izidingo zakhe, namakhono akhe.
Ngakho ingane esevele isakwazi ukuhlunga ububunjwa ngeke iceliwe ukuthi ihlele ubujamo kuze kube nini nanini ngenxa yemivuzo - kodwa izogxila emisebenzini ehlukene, eyinselele yomphakathi kanye / noma yokuziphatha.
Izingane ezincane kunazo zonke (ezingaphansi kweminyaka emithathu) zithola ifomu eliguquliwe le-ABA eliseduze kakhulu nokudlala ukwelashwa kunokuba kuvivinywe ukuhlolwa. Njengoba bekwazi ukuziphatha, abahlinzeki abaqeqeshwe kahle bazoqala ukuthatha izingane zibe izilungiselelo zomhlaba wangempela lapho zingakwazi ukukhiqiza ukuziphatha abazifundile futhi bazifake ekuhlangenwe nakho okujwayelekile komphakathi. I-ABA ingasetshenziswa futhi, ngesinye sezimo zayo eziningi, nezingane ezindala, intsha, noma ngisho nabantu abadala .
Ingabe i-ABA Ilungelo Ingane Yakho?
I-ABA ikhona yonke indawo, ngokuvamile ikhululekile, futhi isiza izingane nge-autism ukusebenzisa izimo zokuziphatha ezilindelwe futhi zilawule ezinye zezifiso zabo ezinzima. La makghono wokuziphatha angenza umehluko omkhulu ekutheni ingane yakho ikwazi kanjani ukuphatha okuhlangenwe nakho kwesikole nakwezenhlalakahle.
Kodwa akuzona zonke izifo ze-ABA ezihambisana kahle nomsebenzi, futhi akuzona zonke izingane eziphendula kahle kwezokwelapha.
Njengezinqubo eziningi ze-autism, i-ABA iwufanele ngempela ukulingwa. Ngaphambi kokuba uqale, qiniseka ukuthi uchwepheshe wezingane zakho uqeqeshiwe, wazi ukuthi uzosebenza kuphi nengane yakho nokuthi uzosebenza kuphi, futhi usebenze nodokotela wakho ukusetha imigomo elinganiswayo. Hlala ubheke kakhulu inqubo nemiphumela.
Okubaluleke kakhulu, qaphela izimpendulo zengane yakho kumtholampilo kanye nokwelapha. Ingabe ujabule lapho "efika" esebenza nodokotela wakhe? Ingabe uyayiphendula lo mchwepheshe ngokumomotheka nokuzibandakanya? Ingabe ufunda amakhono amsiza ekuphileni kwakhe kwansuku zonke? Uma izimpendulo zithi "yebo," uhamba ngendlela efanele. Uma kungenjalo, sekuyisikhathi sokuphinda uhlaziywe kabusha.
> Imithombo:
> Smith, T. et al. Ukusebenza kokuhlaziywa kokuziphatha okusetshenzisiwe ku-autism. J Pediatr. 2009 Jul; 155 (1): 151-2.
> Granpeesheh, D. et al. Ukungenelela okusetshenziselwa ukuhlaziywa kokuziphatha kwabantwana abane-autism: incazelo nokubuyekezwa kocwaningo lwezokwelapha. U-Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2009 Jul-Sep; 21 (3): 162-73.