Uxhumana kanjani nomuntu ongenakho ikhono lokukhuluma noma ukusebenzisa ulimi lwezandla? Abantu abaningi abane-autism baxhumana ngokusebenzisa amakhadi wesithombe. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kunqunywa kumamagazini, okushicilelwe kuma-CD, noma kuthengwa njengendlela ehleliwe, amakhadi wesithombe anikezela abantu abanegunya lokukhulumisana nezidingo, izifiso, ngisho nemibono ngaphandle kwesidingo solimi olukhulunywe.
Njengoba abantu abaningi e- autism bavame ukufunda ngokubonakalayo, kunengqondo ukuqala ukuxhumana nezithombe. Okubaluleke kakhulu, izithombe ziyindlela yokukhulumisana yonke indawo futhi ziqondakala njengabantu abangabazi noma ontanga abasha njengabazali noma ababelapha.
Uhlelo lwezokuxhumana lwe-Exchange Exchange (i-PECS)
Ngaphakathi komphakathi we-autism, igama elithi PECS (ngokuvamile elibizwa ngokuthi "i-pex") lifana namakhadi wesithombe kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo. Futhi, njengoba nje "kleenex" isize sisho okufanayo "njengezicubu," i-PECS iye yalahlekelwa inhlobo enkulu yezinhlobo zayo. Kodwa i-PECS empeleni iyindlela yokuthengisa yePiramidi Educational Products, inkampani encane eyasungulwa ngawo-1980 nguLori Frost no-Andrew Bondy.
Imikhiqizo yePiramidi ikhiqiza inani elilinganayo lamakhadi wesithombe, nakuba engekho iqoqo elikhulu lezithombe ezitholakalayo. Babuye bakhiqize izincwadi ezinama-velcro-lined eklanyelwe ukugcina izithombe ezisekelwe eceleni; kodwa, futhi, lezi akuzona imikhiqizo yekhadi lesithombe elikhangayo noma eliphelele kunawo wonke emakethe .
Okubaluleke nakakhulu kwifilosofi ye-PECS akuyona amakhadi wesithombe esithile noma abanikazi bawo, kodwa kunalokho inqubo okungabantwana abangamagama (nabantu abadala) abafundiswa ukusebenzisa la makhadi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, bamba abenzi be-PECS (futhi izicelo zabo zisekelwa isipiliyoni kanye nocwaningo), izingane ezisebenzisa i-PECS zakha amakhono okuxhumana azimele.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokusobala njengomkhiqizo, izingane eziningi zithola ulimi olukhulunywa kakhulu.
Indlela ye-PECS
Uma ukhetha ukusebenzisa i-PECS (ngokuphambene nokunikeza amakhadi wesithombe njengethuluzi lokuxhumana) kumele uqeqeshwe ngemikhiqizo yamaPiramidi. Uhlelo lwabo lokuqeqesha lukulungiselela ukusebenza nomfundi ngezigaba eziyisithupha:
- Esigabeni esisodwa, umqeqeshi (nguwe wena) usebenza nomfundi nabanakekeli babo ukuthola ukuthi yini engase ishukumise kumfundi ngamunye (ibhola, ithoyizi, ukudla, njll). Amakhadi adalwa leso sithombe eshukumisa into kanye nababili abaqeqeshi basiza umfundi ukuthi athole ukuthi, ngokunikela phezu kwekhadi, bangathola into efunayo.
- Esigabeni sesibili, umqeqeshi uhambela kude nomfundi, ukuze umfundi empeleni afike kumqeqeshi futhi anikeze ikhadi. Lokhu kuyisifundo sekhono lokuphila ekufuneni nasekutholeni ukunakwa komunye umuntu.
- Isigaba sesithathu sidinga umfundi ukuba ahlukanise phakathi kwezithombe eziningi uma ecela into. Kwabafundi abathile lokhu kulula, kwabanye, kunzima. Abanye abafundi bafunda kangcono ngezithombe, kanti abanye abanezithombe ezicacile ezicishe ukubonakala kwento.
- Isigaba sesine siqala abafundi ekwenzeni imisho yokwakha "ngemigqa yesigwebo." Esikhundleni sesithombe esisodwa, bangase banciphise "Ngifuna" ukuqala emgqeni ukudala umusho: "Ngifuna ibhola."
- Isigaba sesihlanu sichaza abafundi ukuba bakhe imibuzo ngokusebenzisa imidwebo yesigwebo, iziqalo, nezithombe.
- Esigabeni sesithupha, abafundi bafundiswa ukuphawula emhlabeni obazungezile ngokuphendula imibuzo enjengokuthi "uzwa ngani?" "Ubonani?" Bafunda ukusebenzisa izincazelo ("ibhola elihlaza okwedlulele") nolunye ulimi oluyinkimbinkimbi.
Le nqubo yokufunda ingathatha amasonto, izinyanga, noma iminyaka ukuqedela. Kuzo zonke, abafundi bakhuthazwa ukuba basebenzise i-PECS kuzilungiselelo ezihlukahlukene ezahlukene kanye nabalingani abahlukene.
Kungani i-PECS?
Ukuxhumana ngokusekelwe kwesithombe kukhululekile kakhulu. Konke okudingayo umagazini ogcwele izithombe, isibhamu, i-looseleaf yencwadi kanye nezinye i-velcro.
I-PECS, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingaba yinani elikhulu: ama-dollar angamakhulu amaningana ekuqeqeshweni kokuqala, amakhulu amakhulu ngaphezulu kokubonisana okuqhubekayo, njalonjalo. Ingabe kuwufanele?
Ngokusho kwemikhiqizo yePhiramidi, umehluko ophakathi kwendlela ye-PECS nokukhulumisana okulula kwesithombe kuncike kakhulu. Okubaluleke kakhulu, umehluko wukuhlinzeka umfundi ngamathuluzi okuxhumana ngokuzenzekelayo nangokuzimela. Ngaphezu kokwenza ukuxhumana kube lula, inqubo ingabuye:
- Nciphisa ukuziphatha okubi okubangelwa ukukhungatheka;
- Ukwandisa ukutholakala kokufunda nokuxhumana;
- Ukwandisa ubudlelwane nobuhlobo bomzwelo ;
- Yakha amakhono olimi okhulunywayo (lokhu akuwona umphumela oqondile we-PECS, kodwa kubonakala sengathi kwenzeka njengamazinga e-PECS akhula).
Imithombo:
Frost, L. & Bondy, A. (2006). Ulimi olujwayelekile: Ukusebenzisa i-Verbal Behavior ye-BF Skinner yokuHlola nokuPhathwa kweZokukhubazeka kwezokuxhumana ku-SLP-ABA. I-Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Applied Behavior Analysis. 1, 103-110.
> Ruth Anne Rehfeldt & Shannon L. Root (2005). Ukusungula amakhono adingekayo atholakala kubantu abadala abanokukhubazeka okukhulu okuthuthukiswayo. I-Journal ye-Applied Behavior Analysis, 38, 101-105.
Yokoyama, K., Naoi, N., & Yamamoto, J. (2006). Ukufundisa ukuziphatha ngomlomo usebenzisa uhlelo lwe-Picture Exchange Communication (PECS) nezingane ezine-disistic spectrum disorder. Journal Japanese of Education Special, 43, 485-503.