Indlela Ubuchopho obuphatha ngayo Ubuhlungu
Ukwelashwa ubuhlungu obungapheli akulula, futhi kungadabukisa kokubili iziguli nodokotela. Ubuhlungu bunzima ukulinganisa ngokuthembeka, ukuphoqa odokotela ukuba bathembele ezinchazweni zeziguli, futhi kukhona ubuhlobo obuncane phakathi kobuhlungu obuningi bokuzilimaza kanye nomonakalo wangempela wezicubu. Abanye abantu bazizwa bengenabuhlungu uma imhlane yabo ibonakala iyingozi kuma-X-ray, kanti abanye babhekene nosizi olubuhlungu emuva kodwa i-X-ray yabo ibukeka kahle.
Noma kunjalo, ukusiza abantu ubuhlungu bekulokhu kubaluleke kakhulu odokotela. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ubuhlungu ohlelweni lwezinzwa luye lwafundwa kahle. Siyazi kahle kokubili ukuthi izibonakaliso zobuhlungu zihamba kanjani emzimbeni, nokuthi umzimba wethu uvame ukuzama ukulawula lezo zimpawu.
Izimpawu Zobuhlungu Emzimbeni
Umzimba unezinzwa ezithile, ezibizwa ngokuthi i- nociceptors , ezithumela izibonakaliso ezibuhlungu emthonjeni womgogodla. Kunezinzwa ezihlukene zezinhlobo ezahlukene zobuhlungu-ngokwesibonelo, uhlobo olulodwa luthumela ulwazi mayelana nobuhlungu obunzima, nolunye ngokushisa. Amafayili obuhlungu angena emgodini womgogodla, lapho angakhuphuka khona noma ahlahle izinga futhi ahlangane namanye amangqamuzana ephumpheni lokuphosa. Ukusuka lapho bawela ngaphesheya kwethambo futhi bagijimise ipheshana le-spinothalamic kuya ku-thalamus.
I-thalamus ibuye idlulisele ulwazi olubuhlungu ku-cortex ye-cerebral. Kunezindawo eziningi ze-cortical ezihambisana nombiko womuntu ngokwawo wobuhlungu, kufaka phakathi i-cortex yangaphakathi ye-cingulate, i-cortex yangaphandle ne-insula.
Ngenxa yokuthi kunezindawo eziningi ze-cortical ezibhekana nobuhlungu, ukulimala kwama-cortical akuvumi ukunciphisa ubuhlungu ngaphandle kokuthi lesi sifo sikhulu kakhulu.
Ukulawulwa Kwezinhlungu Zemvelo
Enye yezindlela ezidume kakhulu zokulawula ubuhlungu kunemithi yokwelapha njengama-opiates. Ngawo-1970, izazi zezinzwa zathola ukuthi umzimba wethu uveza ama-opiate ayo, abizwa ngokuthi ama-opiate angapheli.
Lokhu kuvumela umzimba wethu ukulawula izinga lemali esizizwayo. Ubuchopho bungathumela umzila phansi komgogodla ukuvimbela izibonakaliso zobuhlungu ezihambela umgogodla.
Isibonelo esinamandla sokuthi ubuchopho bulawula ubuhlungu bungabonakaliswa kanjani nge-placebo, into eyi-inert efana nephilisi yeshukela ukuthi ngandlela-thile inemiphumela yokwelapha ezuzisayo. Isibonelo, ocwaningweni olwenziwe nabantu abanamazinyo okuhlakanipha abesanda kukhishwa, ama-placebo akwazi ukuhlinzeka ngezinga eliphansi lokulawula ubuhlungu. Uma unikezwa i-naloxone, isidakamizwa esivimbela zombili ama-opiate angapheliyo futhi angavamile, indawo ye-placebos ingahle ilahlekelwe ukusebenza kwayo. Ucwaningo lwe-MRI olwenziwa ngabantu abanikezwa indawo yokuthola indawo lithola izinguquko ku-hypothalamus, i-periaqueductal grey, ne-medulla, isekela inkolelo yokuthi lezi zakhiwo zihilelekile ekulawuleni ubuhlungu obungapheli.
Ucwaningo oluqhubekayo lubonise ukuthi ubuhlungu emgodleni womgogodla kuhilela izinhlobo ezimbili ezahlukene zamaseli, ezinye zazo ezivulwe ngobuhlungu kanye nabanye abavala. Ama-opiate avula "amasimu", futhi ubuhlungu buvuselela "kuma" amangqamuzana. Lokhu kuvumela ubuchopho ukuthi buhlele ukuhlangenwe nakho kwethu ubuhlungu ngisho nasezingeni lomgogodla.
Yeka ukuthi ubuchopho bulawula kanjani ubuhlungu
Inhloso yobuhlungu ukusishukumisela ukuba sibalekele ukulimala futhi kusisize ukuba sifunde ukugwema izimo ezingasimala esikhathini esizayo.
Isibonelo, uma amagundane anesipiliyoni esibuhlungu ekamelweni, cishe amathuba okugwema lelo gumbi esikhathini esizayo.
Lokho kungase kuzwakale kulula, kepha ngokuvamile ukuphila kusenza senze isinqumo mayelana nokungazinaki ubuhlungu noma ukuthatha isinyathelo. Isibonelo, uma ushizi efakwe ekamelweni lapho udoti lwenzekile khona, isilwane sinenkinga yangaphakathi futhi kufanele senze isinqumo. Ukuqonda leso sinqumo kusisiza ukuba siqonde ubuhlungu obungapheli.
Ngo-1984, abacwaningi badla amagundane epulazini elishisayo elivaliwe. Amagundane angase athole i-rat chow ejwayelekile noma i-chocolate embozwe i-graham cracker (okubonakala ukuthi ama-rats ayakujabulela).
Ngemuva kwamasonto amabili, ipulazi elishisayo lavuliwe. Ama-rats, eqinisweni, agijima. Okuthakazelisayo ukuthi amagundane athola i-chocolat graham cracker ayesebenza kancane kancane ukuba ashiye ipuleti elishisayo-beyokwazi ukubekezelela ubuhlungu obuningi ngokulindela umvuzo. Okuthakazelisayo nakakhulu ukuthi amagundane "ukucindezeleka kwengqondo" ahambe ngokuphelele ne-naloxone, ekhomba ukuthi ama-opiate angapheli yilokho okwakwenza bakwazi ukuwukhandla ku-hotplate ekulindeni ubuhle be-chocolate obuhlanganiswa ne-graham cracker.
Umbuzo uhlala, yini ebuchosheni obuvumela ubuchopho ukuba benze lesi sinqumo sokuthi ungayiphendula kanjani ebuhlungu? Yini evuselela ubuchopho ukuba kusebenze lawo ma-opioid aphephile, futhi yini eyenza ubuchopho buphendule ebuhlungu futhi buqede epulatifini?
Imininingwane isasebenza, kodwa ngokufushane, impendulo ebuhlungu, esikhundleni sokuvuselela uhlelo lokuvuza, kuhilela isimiso sethu se-limbic-isifunda esiyaziwa ukuthi sinciphisa ukufunda nokuzizwa. Yilokho esikufunda ukugwema ubuhlungu esikhathini esizayo. Ngokuthakazelisayo, izazi zezinzwa seziqalile ukuthola izinguquko kulezi zindawo zobuchopho kubantu abanezinhlungu ezingapheliyo. Ithemba ukuthi ngokuqonda kangcono, izindlela zokwelashwa ezintsha zingaphatha ubuhlungu emthonjeni wawo weqiniso, ubuchopho, kunokuba uqhubeke ukuzingela ngendlela engafanele ngenxa yezizathu ezithile.
> Imithombo:
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I-Dum J, i-Herz A. Endorphinergic ukuguqulwa kwezinhlelo ze-neural reward systems ezikhonjiswe izinguquko zokuziphatha. I-Pharmacology, i-biochemistry, nokuziphatha 1984; 21: 259-266.
UHughes J, Smith TW, Kosterlitz HW, Fothergill LA, Morgan BA, Morris HR. Ukuthola amapentapeptide amabili ahlobene nobuchopho nge-opiate ephawulekayo ye-agonist. Imvelo 1975; 258: 577-580.