Ingabe ukuthuthuka kwesayensi kungakwenza lokhu kube okukhethwa kukho?
Nsuku zonke ngibona iziguli ezilwa nempi ngokulwa nokuguga . Sifuna ukuhlala sikhuthele futhi sinempilo, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, singenabuhlungu. Sifuna ukuqhubeka ukwenza izinto esizithandayo ukuzenza, eziningi zazo zidinga amalunga enempilo, nokho silwa nomonakalo kanye nokulimala kwe-cartilage emajoyini ethu.
Konke okuzungezile, sibona izibonelo zabantu abenza imisebenzi engavamile kuze kube sekupheleni kwesikhathi sokuphila.
Sibona abantu begijima ama-marathon, noma bahamba ngegolfu, kodwa amalunga ethu ngeke asivumele siqhubeke. Ngibona nabaningi abagijimi abaneminyaka emincane nabasemaphakathi abagcina umonakalo emalungwini abo, futhi bakhathazeka ngemiphumela yesikhathi eside yalomonakalo futhi uma kusho ukuthi ikhono labo lokuqhubeka le misebenzi lilinganiselwe.
Umbuzo okhuphuka ngu: yini esingayenza? I-cartilage ilinganiselwe amandla ayo okuphulukisa noma okuvuselela, kodwa sidinga isikhathi eside kunokuhlala njalo. Singakwazi yini ukwenza noma yini ukugqugquzela ukuphulukiswa kwe-cartilage , noma ukubuyisela isendlalelo esisha sokujoyina amajoyina ethu? Ingabe ama- stem cells aphendula impendulo yokuguqula inkambo yokuhlangana nokuguga noma okulimazile?
Kuyini I-Cartilage Futhi Yonakaliswa Kanjani?
I-cartilage uhlobo lwamacubu axhunyiwe emzimbeni. Ezingxenyeni zethu, sinezinhlobo ezimbalwa ze-cartilage, kodwa ngokuvamile abantu babhekisela emgqeni obushelelezi we-joint ebizwa ngokuthi i-articular noma i-hyaline cartilage.
Lolu hlobo lwe-cartilage lubeka ungqimba olubushelelezi lwe-cushion ekupheleni kwethambo elihlangene. Lezi zicubu zinamandla kakhulu, kodwa zinekhono lokucindezela futhi zithole amandla. Ibuye ibushelelezi futhi ilula futhi ivumela ukujoyina ukugoqa ngokuzenzekelayo ngokusebenzisa ububanzi obuningi bokuhamba.
Uma i-cartilage ehlanganisiwe ibonakalisiwe, lo ungqimba ohlaziyekayo wokugcoba ungadala.
Uma kwenzeka ukulimala okudabukisayo, ngezinye izikhathi amandla okungazelelwe adala i-cartilage ukuba iphule noma ibonakale, iveza ithambo eliphansi. Endabeni ye-osteoarthritis (ebizwa nangokuthi i-arthritis eguguzayo noma eguguzayo), ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuthi ungqimba olubushelelezi lungagqoka futhi lungalingani. Ekugcineni, njengoba lo mkhumbi uhamba, ukunyakaza okuhlangene kungaba nzima futhi kubuhlungu. Amajoyina angashaywa futhi avuvuke . Futhi njengoba lezi zimpawu ziba zimbi, ngokuvamile ubuhlungu nokulinganiselwa komsebenzi kube yinkinga.
Kukhona ukwelashwa komonakalo we-cartilage ne-arthritis, kodwa ngokuvamile lezi zikwelapha zigxile ekuqedeni izimpawu ngokugcoba i-cartilage eyonakalisiwe, noma ukufaka endaweni yokuhlangana ngokufakelwa okufakelwayo, njengokuguqulwa kwamadolo noma ukuhlinzwa esikhundleni .
Kungabangela kanjani Amaseli Ukusiza Ukwelashwa Kwamathambo Okulimaziwe?
Ama-stem cells amangqamuzana akhethekile anokukwazi ukwandisa futhi athuthuke abe izinhlobo ezahlukene zezicubu. Esigabeni sokuthuthukiswa kwe-fetus, amangqamuzana e-stem aningi. Kodwa-ke, lapho umuntu esekhulile, amangqamuzana amancane avinjelwe emisebenzini ethize yokuvuselela izinhlobo ezimbalwa zamaseli, njengezakhi zegazi. Ngokujwayelekile akusikho amangqamuzana atholakalayo emathiseni we-cartilage, ngakho-ke kunamandla amancane okuphulukisa noma ukubuyisela i-cartilage entsha.
Esivame kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kokuhlinzwa kwamathambo kanye nezinkinga ezihlangene, amaseli amancane atholakala emithonjeni yabantu abadala abadala . Imithombo eyinhloko ingumnkantsha wamathambo namathishu amafutha. Lawa maseli aqinile anekhono lokuthuthukisa amangqamuzana we-cartilage, okuthiwa ama-chondrocytes. Baphinde babonise ezinye izimfanelo eziwusizo ngokugqugquzela umzimba ukuba unciphise ukuvuvukala, ukuvuselela ukulungiswa kwamaseli, nokuthuthukisa ukugeleza kwegazi. Le nqubo ibangelwa ukugcinwa kwezibonakaliso zamaselula kanye nezici zokukhula ezikhuthaza umzimba ukuba uqale izinqubo zokuphulukisa.
Kanye nama-stem cells atholakale, kudingeka adluliselwe endaweni yokulimala kwe-cartilage.
Enye indlela ukufaka nje amangqamuzana e-stem engxenyeni. Kube khona izifundo eziningi eziphenya ngalokhu nje, futhi idatha ethile ikhombisa ukuthuthukiswa ezimpawu. Kungakanani lokhu kuthuthukiswa okubangelwa ukukhula kwe-cartilage entsha nakweminye imiphumela yamaseli we-stem (izindawo zokuphulukisa ezibalwe ngenhla, kufaka phakathi imiphumela elwa nokuvuvukala) aziwa.
Inkinga ngokufaka nje ama-cell stem nje kuphela ukuthi leyo ngxube iyisisindo esiyinkimbinkimbi esakhiwa ngaphezu kwamangqamuzana kuphela. Ukuze kuvuselelwe i-cartilage, isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi se-tisti kufanele sakhiwe kabusha. I-cartilage ivame ukuchazwa njengokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo se-scaffold esakhiwa i-collagen, i-proteoglycans, amanzi namaseli. Ukujova nje ama-stem amangqamuzana okucatshangwa ukuthi awusizo ekukhuthazeni ukwakheka kwesakhiwo sonke se-cartilage.
Kukhona uphenyo ngezinhlobo ze-scaffolds ezi-3-dimensional scaffolds ezakhiwe ukuze zibe nesakhiwo se-cartilage. Ama-stem cells angabe esejojowe ku-scaffold, enethemba lokubuyisela kangcono uhlobo olujwayelekile lwe-cartilage. Ukunyathelisa kwe-three-dimensional ngokushesha kuyingxenye ejabulisayo yalolu hlobo locwaningo.
Ingabe Imithi Yokwelapha Yesiqu Isebenza Ngesikhathi Eside?
Kuye kwaba nezifundo eziningana ekusetshenzisweni kwamaseli ase-stem ekwelapheni umonakalo we-cartilage ne-arthritis. Iningi lalezi zifundo libandakanya idolo elihlangene, kodwa kunezifundo ezibheke ezinyaweni, emahlombe kanye namanye amalunga. Iningi lalezi zifundo zisebenzisa ama-injection, njengoba ama-scaffolds enziwe ngezicubu asathuthukiswa futhi awacwaningi kahle.
Ngomqondo omuhle, lezi zifundo zivame ukubonisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezimpawu, ngobuhlungu obuncane kanye nezibalo zokusebenza eziphuthumayo. Ohlangothini olungezansi, iningi lalezi zifundo zazincane kakhulu futhi zaphela izinyanga noma iminyaka kuphela. Imiphumela yesikhathi eside ye-stem cell injection ayiphenywanga.
Lokhu akusho ukuthi akekho obuka lezi zinkinga, kodwa kunalokho ngoba ukuqoqwa kwedatha yesikhathi eside kuthatha isikhathi eside. Ngakho-ke, cishe seshumi noma ngaphezulu singakwazi ukwazi okuningi mayelana nokuthi lokhu kuthinta kanjani impilo yesikhathi eside yocingo.
Enye inkinga enkulu iningi lalezi zifundo ukuthi ayizange iboniswe ukuthi iningi, uma likhona, lingcono kunezokwelapha ezingavamile zokuhlinzwa kwamathambo. Ngakho-ke ngenkathi abantu bengase babe nokuthuthukiswa kwamaseli we-stem, lokhu kungenzeka ukuthi akufani konke okuhlukile kunezinye izindlela zokwelashwa ezibhekwa njengeziphephile futhi ezingabizi kakhulu. Isibonelo, uma i- cortisone idutshulwa noma imithi yokwelapha inemiphumela emihle, kungani-ke ukujova imithi yokwelashwa engakaze iboniswe kangcono?
Okokugcina, kunemibuzo ebalulekile mayelana nokuphepha kwe-stem cell treatments. Kube khona imibuzo kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kwamasosha omzimba kuya ekuguqulweni okubi . Ingxenye yenkinga ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zezokwelapha ze-stem cishe ziphephile kakhulu, kanti ezinye zibeka ingozi enkulu, kodwa zonke zihlukaniswa ngokuthi "izifo ze-stem cell".
Kungaba nzima ezigulini ukwazi ukuthi ukuphepha okwamukelayo kuphephile kangakanani. Kuze kube yilapho sithuthukise ulimi oluvamile mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwamaseli we-stem, futhi siqonde izingozi nezinzuzo zezinhlobonhlobo zezokwelapha ze-stem cell, maduzane ukuthi lezi zindlela zokwelashwa ziphakanyiswe kabanzi.
Ingabe Kuyafaneleka Ukulinda?
Enye yemibuzo evame kakhulu engiyithola kubantu abacabangela izinyathelo ezilandelayo ekwelapheni kwe-arthritis kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kufanelekile ukulinda ama-stem cell treatments: kufanele ngabe ngiyeke ukushintshaniswa okuhlanganyelwe ngamathemba ukuthi ama-cell avela ekhoneni?
Lokhu akunakwenzeka. Mhlawumbe ama-cell stem azoba usizo kakhulu ekuqaleni kwabantu abalimala ekuhlanganyeleni kwabo, futhi bafuna ukuvimbela ukuwohloka kwe-cartilage kuleyo nhlanganisela, hhayi kubantu abafuna ukubuyisela kabusha i-cartilage entsha. Isibonelo, umgijimi osemusha ogama elijwayelekile usekela ukulimala komgogodla kanye nokulimala okuhambisana ne-cartilage. Ukwakhiwa kwamadolo abo kuvamile, kodwa isifo samathambo sonakaliswe. Ithemba ukuthi ukujova amangqamuzana amancane angasiza ukugqugquzela umzimba ukuba ulungise lo monakalo ngaphambi kokuba uqothulo lulimale ngendlela engafaneleki.
Lesi simo esihluke kakhulu kusuka kumuntu onokuxhumana okulimazayo kabi okungahambisani nokulungiswa, engenawo u-cartilage, futhi uye wahlakulela ukukhubazeka okunjenge-bone spurs. Kulezi zimo, amathuba amaseli ase-stem asiza kakhulu kunoma yisiphi isikhathi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze slim. Sisekhona indlela ende yokuhamba ngokwezici zobunjiniyela nobuchwepheshe be-cell stem ukuze ukwazi ukusiza labo bantu.
Ngaphansi
Ama-stem cells abhekwa njengabaningi ukuba abe yikusasa lama-orthopedics nokuphulukiswa okuhlangene. Sisaqala ukufunda ukuthi singakwazi kanjani ukuhlanganisa amakhono we-cell stem ukulungisa nokubuyela emuva kwe-cartilage. Ngenkathi kukhona ucwaningo olukhuthazayo, kungenzeka ukuthi amashumi eminyaka angeke akwazi ukuguqula imiphumela ye-arthritis kanye nomonakalo we-cartilage ngendlela ezozuzisa abantu abaningi.
Njengamanje, kukhona okuningi okusele ukuze ufunde ngama-stem cells. Asikwazi nje ngokwanele ngezingozi zokwelashwa, izinzuzo ezikhona, futhi uma zinikela nganoma iyiphi inzuzo ngaphezu kwezinye izindlela zokwelashwa okwamanje ezisetshenziselwa ukuphathwa kwezinkinga ze-cartilage emajoyini ethu. Okwamanje, yiyiphi umuntu oyedwa okubhekiselwe ngokuthi "ukwelashwa kwe-stem cell" ingase ihluke ngokuphelele kolunye. Ngakho-ke, ukuqhathanisa ukwelashwa, ukuphepha nokusebenza kunzima kakhulu.
Ngingancoma ukuqapha okuphawulekayo nomuntu othembisa ukuthuthukiswa ngethrashini usebenzisa amaseli esithombeni. Okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuphathwa kwamathambo we-stem wamanje akuzange kuboniswe ukuguqula imiphumela ye-arthritis. Ngenkathi ezinye izifundo zibonisa ukuthuthukiswa komtholampilo, lokhu akusho ndawo eduze kwesiphakamiso sesimo.
> Imithombo:
> LaPrade RF, Dragoo JL, Koh JL, Murray IR, Geeslin AG, Chu CR. "I-AAOS Research Symposium Updates and Consensus: I-Biologic Treatment of Injured Orthopedic" J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2016 Jul; 24 (7): e62-78.
> Tuan RS, Chen AF, uKlatt BA. "Ukuvuselelwa kwe-cartilage" J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2013 Meyi; 21 (5): 303-11.
> Saltzman BM, Kuhns BD, Weber AE, Yanke A, Nho SJ. "Ama-Stem Cell e-Orthopedics: Umhlahlandlela ophelele we-General Orthopedist" u-Am J Orthop. 2016 July; 45 (5): 280-288, 326.