Kunezinhlobo eziningi phakathi kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza namaseli avamile. Ezinye zezimpawu ziyaziwa kahle, kuyilapho ezinye zanda nje zitholwa futhi ziqondwa kahle. Ungase ube nesithakazelo ukuthi amangqamuzana omdlavuza ahluke kanjani njengoba uhlangabezana nomdlavuza wakho noma womuntu othandekayo. Kubacwaningi, ukuqonda ukuthi amangqamuzana omdlavuza asebenza kanjani ngokuhlukile kumaseli avamile abeka isisekelo sokwelashwa oklanyelwe ukuqeda umzimba wamangqamuzana omdlavuza ngaphandle kokulimaza amangqamuzana avamile.
Ingxenye yokuqala yalolu hlu ikhuluma ngokungafani okuyisisekelo phakathi kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza namaseli anempilo. Kulabo abanesithakazelo kwezinye izingxabano ezilukhuni kakhulu, ingxenye yesibili yalolu hlu ingaphezulu kwezobuchwepheshe.
Incazelo emfushane yama-protein emzimbeni olawula ukukhula kwamangqamuzana nawo ayasiza ekuqondeni amaseli omdlavuza. I- DNA yethu ithwala izakhi zofuzo okuyiyona eyimvelo yamaprotheni akhiqizwa emzimbeni. Amanye ala maprotheni ayimvelo yokukhula, amakhemikhali atshela amangqamuzana ukuba ahlukanise futhi akhule. Amanye amaprotheni asebenza ekunciphiseni ukukhula. Ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezithile (isibonelo, lezo ezibangelwa ukubhema ugwayi, imisebe, imisebe ye-ultraviolet nezinye izidakamizwa) kungabangela ukukhiqizwa okungavamile kwamaprotheni. Amaningi angase akhiqizwe, noma akwanele, noma kungenzeka ukuthi amaprotheni ajwayelekile futhi asebenza ngendlela ehlukile.
I-Cancer yisifo esiyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ngokuvamile kuvame ukuhlanganiswa kwalokhu okungavamile okuholela esitokisini somdlavuza, kunokuba kuguquguquke okulodwa noma amaprotheni angavamile.
Amaseli e-Cancer ahambisana namaseli ajwayelekile
Ngezansi kukhona amanye umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamaseli avamile namangqamuzana omdlavuza, okuzokwenza ukuthi ulandele ukuthi izidumbu ezimbi zikhula kanjani futhi ziphendule ngokuhlukile endaweni ezungezile kunezicubu ezinobuthi.
- Ukukhula- Amangqamuzana amancane ayama ukukhula (ukukhiqiza) uma kukhona amaseli anele. Isibonelo, uma amaseli akhiqizwa ukulungisa ukusika esikhumbeni, amangqamuzana amasha asasetshenziselwa uma kukhona amangqamuzana anele akhona ukugcwalisa umgodi; lapho umsebenzi wokulungisa usuqedile. Ngokuphambene, amangqamuzana omdlavuza awayeki ukukhula uma kukhona amangqamuzana anele akhona. Lokhu kukhula okuqhubekayo kuvame ukuveza isisu (isigaba samangqamuzana omdlavuza). Igalelo ngalinye emzimbeni linamapulani alamaprotheni ahlukile. Amanye ala maprotheni ayimizimba yokukhula, amakhemikhali atshela ukuthi amangqamuzana akhule futhi ahlukanise. Uma isakhi sofuzo esisodwa salokhu kwalawo maprotheni sinyatheliswa esikhundleni sokuthi "kuya" ngokuguquguquka (i-oncogene) -i-protein yokukhula iqhubeka nokukhiqizwa. Ephendula, amangqamuzana aqhubeka ekhula.
- Ukuxhumana -Amaseli we -Cancer awasebenzisani namanye amaseli njengamaseli avamile enza. Amaseli avamile aphendukela emasignini athunyelwe kusuka kwamanye amaseli aseduzane athi, ngokuyisisekelo, "usufinyelele umngcele wakho." Uma amaseli avamile "ezwa" lezi zimpawu azama ukukhula. Amaseli omdlavuza awaphenduli kulezi zimpawu.
- Ukulungiswa kwamaseli nokufa kwamangqamuzana-Amangqamuzana angalungile angalungiswa noma afe (aphethwe i-apoptosis) uma ewonakele noma edala. Amaseli e-Cancer awaxazululwa noma angaphathi i-apoptosis. Isibonelo, iphrotheni eyodwa ebizwa ngokuthi i-p53 inomsebenzi wokuhlola ukuze ubone ukuthi iseli limele kakhulu ukulungisa futhi uma kunjalo, welule iseli ukuthi lizibulale. Uma le phrotheni i-p53 ingavamile noma ingasebenzi (isibonelo, kusukela ekuguquleni kwesigcawu se- p53 ,) amaseli amadala noma awonakele avunyelwe ukuzala. Igazi le-p53 lihlobo olulodwa lwegciwane lokucindezela i-tumor eliyinkinga yamaprotheni anqanda ukukhula kwamaseli.
- Ukunganaki- Amangqamuzana ajwayelekile ahlanganisa izinto ezenza bahlanganise ndawonye eqenjini. Amaseli e-Cancer ahluleki ukwenza lezi zinto, futhi angakwazi "ukuhamba" ezindaweni ezikude, noma ngegazi noma uhlelo lweziteshi zamathambo ezindaweni ezikude emzimbeni.
- Ikhono Lokunciphisa (Ukusakazeka) -Amaseli angalungile ahlala endaweni yomzimba lapho ahlala khona. Isibonelo, amaseli wamaphaphu ahlala emaphashini. Amaseli e-Cancer, ngenxa yokuthi ayinayo i- molecule yokunamathela eyabangela ukuqina, akwazi ukuhamba nge-bloodstream kanye ne-lymphatic system kwezinye izifunda zomzimba-banakho ukukwazi ukwenza izinto ngendlela efanele . Uma befika esifundeni esisha (njengama- lymph nodes , amaphaphu, isibindi, noma amathambo) aqala ukukhula, ngokuvamile adala izicubu ezikude kakhulu nesisu. (Funda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi umdlavuza usakazeka kanjani .)
- Ukubukeka -Ngaphandle kwe-microscope, amangqamuzana avamile namangqamuzana omdlavuza angase abukeke ahluke kakhulu. Ngokungafani namaseli avamile, amangqamuzana omdlavuza avame ukukhombisa ukuhlukahluka okuningi esayizi weseli-ezinye zikhulu kunazo zonke futhi ezinye zimbalwa kunokujwayelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amangqamuzana omdlavuza avame ukuba nesimo esingavamile, kokubili iseli, kanye ne-nucleus ("ubuchopho" beseli.) I-nucleus ibonakala kokubili nangaphezulu kunamangqamuzana avamile. Isizathu sobumnyama ukuthi i-nucleus yamaseli omdlavuza iqukethe i-DNA eyengeziwe. Kuseduze, amangqamuzana omdlavuza ngokuvamile anezinombolo ezingavamile ze-chromosomes ezihlelwe ngendlela engalungile.
- Izinga lokukhula -Amaseli angamahle azalise wona bese emela uma kukhona amangqamuzana anele. Amaseli e-Cancer akhiqiza ngokushesha ngaphambi kokuba amangqamuzana athole ithuba lokuvuthwa.
- Ukuvuthwa - Amaseli angasebenzi avuthiwe. Amaseli e-Cancer, ngoba akhula ngokushesha futhi ahlukane ngaphambi kokuba amaseli aqokelele ngokugcwele, ahlale engakafiki. Odokotela basebenzisa leli gama elingenayo i-nonferentiated ukuchaza amangqamuzana amancane (ngokuphambene nokwahlukana ukuchaza amangqamuzana avuthiwe ngaphezulu). Enye indlela yokuchaza lokhu ukubuka amangqamuzana omdlavuza njengamaseli "angakhuli" futhi ahlotshaniswe ngamaseli omdala. Izinga lokuvuthwa kwamangqamuzana lihambisana "nebanga" lomdlavuza . Amanqamu ahlukunyezwe esikalini kusuka ku-1 kuya ku-3 no-3 abe nolaka kakhulu.
- Ukuhlaselwa kwesimiso somzimba-Uma amaseli avamile ewonakele, amasosha omzimba (ngamaseli abizwa ngokuthi i-lymphocytes) awakhipha futhi awasuse. Amaseli omdlavuza akwazi ukugwema (amaqhinga) amasosha omzimba isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukuba akhule ibe yisifo ngenxa yokuphunyuka ekutholeni noma ngokufihla amakhemikhali awenza amasosha omzimba ayenze endaweni yesehlakalo. Eminye imishanguzo ye-immunotherapy entsha ikhuluma ngalesi sici samangqamuzana omdlavuza.
- Ukusebenza -Amangqamuzana angalungile enza umsebenzi ahloselwe ukuwenza, kanti amaseli omdlavuza angeke asebenze. Isibonelo, amangqamuzana ajwayelekile egazi amhlophe asiza ukulwa nezifo. E- leukemia , inani lamangqamuzana egazi elimhlophe lingase liphakeme kakhulu, kodwa njengoba amangqamuzana egazi amhlophe ekhanda asebenzi ngendlela efanele, abantu bangabe besengozini yokutheleleka ngisho nokubalwa kwamangqamuzana egazi elimhlophe. Okufanayo kungenzeka nangezinto ezikhiqizwayo. Isibonelo, amangqamuzana avamile wegciwane akhiqiza i-hormone ye-thyroid. Amaseli wegciwane lesifo somdlavuza ( umdlavuza we-thyroid ) angase angavelisi i-hormone ye-thyroid. Kulesi simo, umzimba ungase ulahlekelwe i-hormone ye-thyroid (i- hypothyroidism ) naphezu kwesisindo esikhulu sezinyosi ze-thyroid.
- Igazi - i- Angiogenesis yinqubo lapho amangqamuzana adonsela khona imithwalo yegazi ukuze ikhule futhi idle izicubu. Amaseli avamile asebenza ngenqubo ebizwa nge-angiogenesis kuphela njengengxenye yokukhula nokuthuthukiswa okujwayelekile futhi uma kudingeka izicubu ezintsha ukuze kulungiswe izicubu ezonakalisiwe. Amaseli e-Cancer ahamba nge-angiogenesis ngisho nalapho ukukhula kungadingeki. Uhlobo olulodwa lomuthi womdlavuza luhilela ukusebenzisa ama-angiogenesis inhibitors-imithi evimbela i-angiogenesis emzimbeni ngomzamo wokugcina izicubu zingakhula.
Umehluko Olwengeziwe Phakathi Amaseli E-Cancer Namaseli Ajwayelekile
Lolu hlu luqukethe ukungafani okwehlukile phakathi kwamaseli anempilo namaseli omdlavuza. Kulabo abafisa ukweqa la maphuzu ezobuchwepheshe, sicela uyelele esihlokweni esilandelayo esichazwe ngokufingqa umehluko.
- Abacindezeli bokukhula okukhulayo- Amangqamuzana omzimba alawulwa ukucindezeleka (ukubola). Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zezinkinga zokuphefumula ezincelisayo ezithinta amakhomikhali okuvimbela ukukhula. Uhlobo olulodwa lutshela amangqamuzana ukuthi anciphise futhi ayeke ukuhlukanisa. Uhlobo olulodwa lunomthwalo wokulungisa izinguquko kumaseli awonakele. Uhlobo lwesithathu luphethe i-apoptosis echazwe ngenhla. Izinguquko eziholela kunoma yiliphi lalezi zakhi zofuzo zokucindezela izidakamizwa ezingasetshenziselwa ukuvumela amangqamuzana omdlavuza ukuba akhule angahloliwe.
- I- invasiveness-Amangqamuzana angamahle alalela amasignali avela kumangqamuzana angomakhelwane futhi ayeke ukukhula lapho ewela ezintanjeni eziseduze (okuthiwa ukuvimbela ukuxhumana.) Amaseli omdlavuza awanaki lawa maseli futhi ahlasele amathanga aseduze. Amathumba e-Benign (angewona umdlavuza) ane-capsule enamandla. Bangase baqhubekele ukulwa nezicubu eziseduze kodwa abahlaseli / bahlangane nezinye izicubu. Amaseli e-cancer, ngokuphambene, awahloniphi imingcele futhi ahlasele izicubu. Lokhu kubangela ukulinganisa okunjengomunwe okuvame ukuphawulwa kuma-radiologic scans of tumorous cancer. Igama lomdlavuza, eqinisweni, livela egameni lama-latin for crab elisetshenziselwa ukuchaza ukuhlasela kwe-crab efana ne-cancers kuya ezicukwaneni eziseduze.
- Amandla Amandla -Amangqamuzana angamahle athola amandla amaningi (ngesimo se-molecule ebizwa nge-ATP) ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi umjikelezo we-Krebs, kanye nenani elincane lamandla abo ngokusebenzisa inqubo ehlukile ebizwa ngokuthi i-glycolysis. Njengoba amangqamuzana avamile akhiqiza amandla awo amaningi lapho kune-oxygen, amangqamuzana omdlavuza akhiqiza amandla amaningi lapho engekho oksijini. Lokhu kuyisimo se-hyperbaric okwelapha oksijini okwenziwe ukuhlolwa (ngokuthola imiphumela edumazayo kuze kube manje) kwabanye abantu abanomdlavuza.
- Ukufa / Ukungapheli -Amangqamuzana amancane afa, okungukuthi, anempilo. Amaseli awahlelwe ukuba aphile phakade, futhi njengabantu abakhona, amaseli aguga. Abacwaningi baqala ukubheka into ebizwa ngokuthi i- telomeres , izakhiwo ezibambe i-DNA ndawonye ekupheleni kwama-chromosomes, ngendima yabo emdlalweni. Omunye wemikhakha ekukhuleni kwamaseli avamile ubude be-telomeres. Njalo uma iseli lihlukanisa, ama-telomere athola isikhathi esifushane. Lapho ama-telomeres eba mfushane kakhulu, iseli alinakuhlukana futhi iseli lifa. Amaseli e-Cancer ahlaziye indlela yokuvuselela ama-telomere ukuze aqhubeke ehlukanisa. I-enzyme ebizwa ngokuthi i-telomerase isebenza ekwandiseni ama-telomere ukuze iseli lihlukanise ngokungapheli-ngokuyisisekelo lingabi lifa.
- Ikhono "lokufihla" -Abantu abaningi bayazibuza ukuthi kungani umdlavuza ungadlula iminyaka, futhi ngezinye izikhathi emashumini eminyaka emva kokuba kubonakala sengathi awukho (ikakhulukazi ngezicubu ezifana ne-estrogen receptor positive cancer cancers.) Kunemibono eminingi yokuthi kungani amagciwane angaphinda abuyele . Ngokuvamile, kucatshangwa ukuthi kunezikhundla eziphezulu zamangqamuzana omdlavuza, amanye amangqamuzana (umdlavuza we-cancer stem) onekhono lokumelana nokwelapha nokulala. Lena indawo esebenzayo yokucwaninga, futhi ibaluleke kakhulu.
- Ukungaqiniseki kwe-Genomic- Amaseli angama-DNA anesifo esijwayelekile se-DNA kanye nenombolo evamile yama-chromosomes. Amaseli e-Cancer ngokuvamile anezinombolo ezingavamile zama-chromosomes futhi i-DNA iba yinto engavamile njengoba iqala ukushintshashintsha okuningi. Eminye yalezi zinguquko zomshayeli, okusho ukuthi zihambisa ukuguqulwa kweseli ukuba ibe nomdlavuza. Izinguquko eziningi zinguquko zomgibeli, okusho ukuthi abanalo umsebenzi oqondile wesitembu somdlavuza. Kwezinye ukwelapha, ukucacisa ukuthi yikuphi ukuguqulwa komshayeli okhona ( ukuprofetha kwama-molecular noma ukuhlolwa kofuzo ) kuvumela odokotela ukuba basebenzise imithi ehlosiwe ehlose ukukhula komdlavuza. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezikhungo ezithintekayo ezifana ne-EGFR inhibitors ezincelweni zomdlavuza nge- EGFR ukuguquka komzimba ingenye yezindawo ezikhula ngokushesha futhi eziqhubekayo zokwelashwa komdlavuza.
Izinguquko Eziningi Ezidingekayo Ukuze Iseli Libe Nomdlavuza
Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, kunezinhlobo eziningi phakathi kwamangqamuzana avamile namaseli omdlavuza. Okunye okuphawulekayo ukuthi inani "lokuhlola" elidinga ukuba lithengiswe ngeseli ukuze libe nomdlavuza.
- Iseli kudingeka libe nezici zokukhula ezenza ukuba zikhule ngisho nalapho ukukhula kungadingeki.
- I-TB kufanele ivimbele amaprotheni aqondisa amangqamuzana ukuthi ayeke ukukhula futhi afe lapho engavamile.
- Iseli idinga ukugwema izibonakaliso kusuka kwamanye amaseli,
- Amaseli adinga ukulahlekelwa "ukunamathela" okujwayelekile (ama-molecule wokunamathisela) ukuthi amangqamuzana avamile akhiqize.
Konke kukho, kunzima kakhulu ukuba iseli elivamile libe nomdlavuza, okungase kubonakale kumangalisa ngokucabangela ukuthi omunye wamadoda amabili nomunye kwabafazi abathathu bazoba nomdlavuza ngesikhathi sabo sokuphila. Incazelo ukuthi emzimbeni ovamile, amangqamuzana angaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu ahlukanisa njalo ngosuku olulodwa. "Izingozi" ekukhiqizeni amangqamuzana okubangelwa ukuzalwa noma ama- carcinogens emvelweni ngesikhathi kunoma iyiphi yalezo zigaba zingakha iseli ukuthi, ngemva kokuguqulwa kwamanye amazwe, ingaba iseli lomdlavuza.
Benign vs. Malignant Tumors
Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, kunemibono eminingi emangqamuzaneni omdlavuza namaseli avamile okwenza izicubu ezinobuthi noma ezimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezindlela ukuthi izicubu eziqukethe amangqamuzana omdlavuza noma amaseli avamile aziphathe emzimbeni. Ezinye zalezi zingxabano ezengeziwe ziphawulwe kule ngqikithi ngokungafani phakathi kwezicubu ezinobuthi nezilimazayo .
I-Concept of Cancer Stem Amaseli
Ngemva kokuxoxa ngalezi zindlela eziningi phakathi kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza namaseli ajwayelekile, ungase uzibuze ukuthi kukhona yini umehluko phakathi kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza ngokwabo. Ukuze kube khona ubukhulu bomzimba wamangqamuzana omdlavuza-ezinye zibe nemisebenzi ehlukile kunezinye-isisekelo sezingxoxo ezibhekene namaseli amancane omdlavuza njengoba kuxoxwe ngenhla.
Asisaqondi ukuthi amangqamuzana omdlavuza angabonakala kanjani efihla iminyaka noma amashumi eminyaka bese ephinde aphinde avele. Abanye bacabanga ukuthi "ojenenja" ekubuseni kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza okubhekwa njengama-stem cells angamelana nemithi yokwelashwa futhi angakwazi ukulala lapho amanye amasosha omdlavuza eqeda ukwelashwa njengekhemotherapy. Ngenkathi okwamanje siphatha wonke amangqamuzana omdlavuza esihlakalweni njengento efanayo, kungenzeka ukuthi esikhathini esizayo ukwelashwa kuzothatha ukucubungula okunye ukuhlukana kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza kumuntu oyedwa.
Ngaphansi Kokungqubuzana Phakathi kwamaCells Normal kanye namaseli e-Cancer
Abantu abaningi baphazamiseka, bezibuza ukuthi kungani singakatholi indlela yokumisa wonke amathrekhi emathrekhi abo. Ukuqonda izinguquko eziningi iseli elingaphansi kwenqubo yokwenza umakhalekhukhwini umdlavuza kungasiza ukuchaza okunye okunzima. Asikho isinyathelo esisodwa, kodwa kuningi, okwamanje okubhekwa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi umdlavuza awusona isifo esisodwa, kodwa kunamakhulu ezifo ezihlukahlukene. Futhi ngisho namanqamu amabili asemdlalweni owodwa ngokuqondene nohlobo nomkhakha, angaziphatha ngendlela ehluke kakhulu. Uma kwakunabantu abangu-200 abanesimo esifanayo nesigaba somdlavuza ekamelweni, babezoba namagciwane angama-200 avela kumbono wamangqamuzana.
Nokho, kuyasiza ukwazi ukuthi njengoba sifunda kabanzi ngalokho okwenza umdlavuza ube ngumdlavuza weselula, sithola ukuqonda okwengeziwe ukuthi singamisa kanjani leso sisele ekukhiqizeni, futhi mhlawumbe senze ushintsho sibe ngumdlavuza wesinye owokuqala indawo. Intuthuko isivele isenziwa kule ndawo, njengoba kusetshenzwa ukwelashwa okuhlosiwe okubandlulula phakathi kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza namaseli avamile ngendlela yabo. Futhi ucwaningo lwe-immunotherapy luyinto ejabulisayo, njengoba sithola izindlela zokuthi "sivuselele" amasosha ethu omzimba ukuze senze lokho asezikwazi ukukwenza. Thola amangqamuzana omdlavuza futhi uwaqede. Ukuthola izindlela lapho amangqamuzana omdlavuza "azifihla" wona futhi afihle kuye kwaholela ekunakekeleni okungcono, futhi ngokungajwayelekile, ukukhishwa okuphelele, kwabanye abantu abanezikhumba eziqinile kakhulu.
> Imithombo:
> DeBaradinis, R. et al. I-biology yomdlavuza: ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-metabolic fuels cell growth and proliferation. I-Cell Metabolism . 2008. 7 (1): 11-20.
> National Cancer Institute. I-SEER Training Module. Cell Biology of Cancer. https://training.seer.cancer.gov/disease/cancer/biology/
> National Cancer Institute. Kuyini umdlavuza? Kubuyekezwe 02/09/15. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/what-is-cancer
> Nio, K., Yamashita, T., noS S. Kaneko. I-Conforming Concept of Liver Cancer Stem Amaseli. I-Cancer Molecular . 2017. 16 (1): 4.