Indaba ye-Art Ancient Healing
Mhlawumbe kusukela ekuqaleni kwesikhathi, abantu bebelokhu behlanganyela ngokuzikhandla ekuphishekeleni ukuzithuthukisa. Ngakho-ke, akufanele kusimangaze ukuthi ukuhlinzwa kwepulasitiki kungaba enye yezobuciko zokudala zokudala emhlabeni. Eqinisweni, kunemibhalo yokusebenzisa izindlela zokuhlinza ukulungisa ukulimala ebusweni okudlule eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-4 000 edlule.
Ukuhlinzwa Kwepulasitiki Kwaqala Ngezikhumba Zesikhumba eNdiya YaseNdala
Odokotela baseNdiya yasendulo babesebenzisa ama- graft esikhumba ukuze benze umsebenzi wokuvuselela emuva ngo-800 BC Kamuva, emazweni aseYurophu, ukuthuthukiswa kwepulasitiki okuphuthumayo kwaphuza ukuza. Kodwa-ke, imithi yasempumalanga yathatha kalula ekuhlinzekeni kwepulasitiki, futhi kunezigameko eziningi ezirekhodiwe zokufakelwa kwesikhumba kanye nokuhlinzwa okuvuselelayo kuwo wonke umlando kuleyo ngxenye yomhlaba.
Inqubekelaphambili jikelele ekuhlinzekeni kwepulasitiki, njengokwelashwa okuningi, yancipha eminyakeni embalwa eyalandela, njengoba amasu asetshenziswa eNdiya ayethulwa eNtshonalanga bese ehlanzwa futhi aguqulelwe izicelo ezintsha. Kodwa-ke, kwaba nenqubekela phambili eyenziwe emithi ngesikhathi seGrisi-Roma, futhi leyo nqubekela phambili ibhalwe emibhalweni yasendulo eyasakazwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuyo yonke imiphakathi.
Kwakuyizinyanga lapho umlobi wezokwelapha waseRoma u-Aulus Cornelius Celsus ebhala "De Medicina" , owabeka izindlela zokuhlinzwa zokulungisa izindlebe, izindebe nezinduku.
Khona-ke phakathi nenkathi yokuqala yaseByzantine, u-Oribasius wahlanganisa i-encyclopedia ephelele yezokwelapha ethi "Synagogue Medicae" . Lo msebenzi we-volume volume 70 uqukethe amavesi amaningi azinikezelwe ngamasu okuvuselela ukulungisa iziphambeko zobuso.
Ephakathi Nama-Renaissance
Nakuba ukuhlinzwa okuqhubekayo kwaqhubeka phakathi nawo wonke ama-Middle Ages zakuqala, ukuthuthukiswa okuphawulekayo kwafika ekubongeni okunamandla kokuwa kweRoma nokusabalaliswa kobuKristu.
Ezingxenyeni ezinkulu, isayensi yanikeza indlela yokuziqonda kanye nenkolo. Eqinisweni, ngesinye isikhathi ngalesi sikhathi, uPapa Innocent III wamemezela ukuthi ukuhlinzwa nganoma yiluphi uhlobo kwakwenqatshelwe ngokusemthethweni umthetho weSonto.
Ngokuyinhloko, ukuphishekela ulwazi lwesayensi kuye kwashintshwa ngokugxila kokukhathazeka okungokwakho nokomoya. Ukwengeza, ukuphepha kweziguli ezihlinzekwayo kwakwehliswa ukungabi namazinga okuhlanzeka nokuhlanzeka. Kodwa-ke, kwenziwa intuthuko encane, kufaka phakathi ukuthuthukiswa kwekhulu leshumi yenqubo yokulungisa umlomo .
Ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kabusha, kwakukhona intuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu kwisayensi nobuchwepheshe, okwaholela ekwakhiweni kwezinqubo zokuphepha eziphephile futhi eziphumelelayo. Umbhalo wamaSulumane wekhulu leshumi nanhlanu othi "Ukuhlinzwa Kwama- Imperial" wabhalwa nguSerfeddin Sabuncuoglu, futhi wawuhlanganisa nokuhlinzekwa kwe-maxillofacial kanye nokuhlinzwa kwejwabu leso. Kwakuhlanganisa ne-protocol yokuphathwa kwe- gynecomastia ekholelwa ukuthi iyisisekelo senqubo yesimanje yokunciphisa kwebele lesikhumba.
Intuthuko Ezelwe NgeMpi
Phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa, ukuhlinzeka ngepulasitiki kwakunomthelela ekunciphiseni, kodwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, i-pendulum yayifungile ngakolunye uhlangothi.
Kodwa-ke, ukuthuthukiswa okulandelayo okukhulu ekuhlinzekeni kwepulasitiki kwakungeke kufike ngekhulu le-20, lapho ababulewe empini benza ukuhlinzekwa kwepulasitiki okwakhayo isidingo samasosha amaningi. Eqinisweni, kwakuyiMpi Yezwe I eyenza ukuhlinzwa kwepulasitiki kube yizinga elisha ngaphakathi kokusungulwa kwezokwelapha.
Odokotela baseMpiya babesadingeka ukuphatha ukulimala okuningi ebusweni nasekhanda okubangelwa izikhali zanamuhla, okwakungabonakali ngaphambili. Lokhu kulimala okukhulu kwakudinga ukuvuselelwa okusha okunamandla ekwenzeni izindlela zokuhlinza kabusha. Abanye abahlinzayo abahlinzayo abaningi baseYurophu banikezela imikhuba yabo ukuze babuyisele amasosha abo emazweni abo ukuba baphile ngesikhathi nangemva kwempi.
Kwakuyiqiniso ngempela ngalesi sikhathi ukuthi odokotela abahlinzayo baqala ukuqaphela ngokugcwele ithonya elingase likwazi ukuthi ukubukeka komuntu siqu kungasebenzisa izinga lokuphumelela okuhlangenwe nakho empilweni yakhe. Ngenxa yalokhu kuqonda, ukuhlinzekwa kobuciko kwaqala ukuthatha indawo yayo njengento ethile ehlonishwayo yokuhlinzwa kweplastiki.
Le nqubekela phambili yiletha futhi ukuqonda okukhulu kwe-anesthesia nokuvimbela ukutheleleka , okuvumela abahlinzayo ukuba benze izinqubo ezihlukahlukene eziyinkimbinkimbi. Lezi zinqubo zazihlanganisa izimo zokuqala zokurekhodwa okuyiqiniso ngempela "izimonyo" emvelweni, njengezinqubo zokuqala zokunakekelwa kwe-rhinoplasty kanye nebele .
Umlando Wokuhlinzwa KwePlastiki e-United States
Nakuba eziningi zalezi zentuthuko zezokwelapha zavela eYurophu, kwakunezinye izinyathelo zokuhlinza ezenziwa e-US, kuhlanganise nokusebenza kokuqala kwe-cleft in 1827, eyenziwa nguDkt. John Peter Mettauer esebenzisa izixhobo zokuhlinza ngokwayo. Kodwa-ke, kwakungakaze kube sekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 ukuthi ukuhlinzekwa kwepulasitiki yanamuhla kwakufanele kubhekwe njengokhethekile kwezokwelapha.
Ngo-1907, uDkt. Charles Miller wabhala umbhalo wokuqala owawubhalwe ngokucophelela ekuhlinzekeni kwezimonyo, okubizwa ngokuthi "The Correction of Featural Imperfections" . Lo mbhalo, ngenkathi kusengesikhathi saso kwezinye izici, wawunqatshelwe futhi wagxekwa ngokuthi "umshini wokugubha umuthi" odokotela abaningi abahlinzayo. Ngeshwa, lesi simo sengqondo sasivame kakhulu emphakathini wezokwelapha, owavame ukubuka abahlinzayo bezimonyo ngokuvamile, kuhlanganise noDkt. Miller, njengabaqashi noma "iziqu".
Amanye odokotela abahlinzayo base-United States ngalesi sikhathi bahlanganisa noDkt. Vilray P. Blair, uDkt. William Luckett noDkt. Frederick Strange Kolle. UDkt. Blair wenza ukuvinjelwa kokuqala kwe-mandible ngo-1909 futhi washicilelwa "Ukuhlinzwa Nezifo Zomlomo Namaqhwa " ngo-1912, kuyilapho uDkt. Luckett echaza ukulungiswa kwezikhwebu ezihamba phambili ngo-1910, futhi uDkt. Kolle washicilela umbhalo wakhe othi " Ukuhlinza ngePlastiki Nezocwilisa " , ngonyaka owodwa ngo-1911.
Ukubaluleka Kweziko LaseMelika
Isikhungo esisodwa esibambe iqhaza ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni nasekuthuthukiseni ukuhlinzekwa kweplastiki, kanye nokuhlinzwa ngokujwayelekile, kwaba nguJohn Hopkins. Yilapho uDkt. William Stewart Halsted eyakha uhlelo lokuqala lokuqeqesha jikelele e-United States. Ngo-1904, washicilela "Ukuqeqeshwa Kwesigqila Sogqirha" , esabeka isisekelo salokho okwakungaba yisibonelo kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokuqeqeshwa zesimanje. Ngalokhu, i-US ingagcina ifuna izinga lokuzikhandla lokuhlinzeka nge-Europe. Akubanga nje isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuthi i-US iqale ukudlula wonke umhlaba, ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa endabeni yokubaluleka emkhakheni wokuhlinzwa.
UJohn Hopkins naye wayesekhaya likaDkt. John Staige Davis, owayebhekwa njengabantu abaningi ukuba abe yiMelika yaseMelika yokuzinikezela kuphela ukuhlinzekwa kwepulasitiki. Wachitha iminyaka eminingi yokuphila kwakhe ukuze enze ukuhlukaniswa okukhethekile ngaphakathi komsebenzi wokuhlinzwa epulasitiki. Ngo-1916, unikeze iphepha elibaluleke kakhulu ku- Journal of the American Medical Association echaza indima yokuhlinzekwa kweplastiki ngaphakathi kokusungulwa kwezokwelapha, futhi igcizelela ukubaluleka kokukhethekile emkhakheni.
Ama-1940 no-50s
Ngo-1946, isikhathi sasize ngokucacile sokushicilelwa kwephephabhuku lezesayensi elibhekiswe ikakhulukazi abahlinzayo abahlinzeka nge-plastic. Ngo-Julayi walolo nyaka, ukukhishwa kokuqala kwe- Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery kwaba ngokoqobo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, leli phephandaba liye laqhubeka likhonza njengesithangami sokusabalalisa ulwazi kanye nokuthola okubalulekile phakathi kwabahlinzayo abahlinzayo basePlastiki nabasebenza nabo kwezokwelapha, konke okuhloswe ukuhlinzeka iziguli.
Njengoba isitifiketi sebhodi esendaweni kanye nokuzalwa kwephephabhuku lezokwelapha elihlinzekwe ngepulasitiki, ukuhlinzwa kwepulasitiki kwahlanganiswa ngokugcwele ekuqalisweni kwezokwelapha ngo-1950, lapho kwaqala khona ukuthuthela emphakathini. Izibhedlela zasemakhaya zeMpi yaseKorea zaze zakhuthuka kakhulu ekuhlinzekeni okuvuselelayo, kuhlanganise namasu okucubungula kwangaphakathi ukubhekana nokuqhekeka kombuso, nokusetshenziswa kwezitshalo zokujikeleza ukulungisa ukulimala okukhulu kesikhumba nokukhubazeka.
Ukuhlinzwa Kweplastiki Yanamuhla
Umlando wanamuhla wokuhlinzwa epulasitiki waqala ukuqala ngawo-1960s kanye nawo-1970. Abahlinzayo abahlinzayo basePlastiki babehamba phambili phambi kokusungulwa kwezokwelapha, kuhlanganise nomhlinzeki oyedwa wepulasitiki owaqokwa njengo-Surgeon General ngo-1969, kanti omunye wanikela umklomelo weNobel.
Kwakukhona nokuthuthukiswa okukhulu kwesayensi okwamanje. I-silicone yayisisidakamizwa esanda kudalwa esasikhula ekuthandeni njengesisekelo somshini othile wokuhlinzwa opulasitiki. Ekuqaleni, kwakusetshenziselwa ukuphatha ukungapheleli kwesikhumba. Kwathi ngo-1962, uDkt. Thomas Cronin wadala futhi wavula idivayisi entsha yokufakelwa kwesifuba eyenziwe nge-silicone. Kule minyaka eyishumi ezayo noma ngaphezulu, izimpande ze-silicone zakhiwe ukuze zisebenzise cishe zonke izingxenye zomzimba nomzimba ongacabangela.
Ngama-1980, abahlinzayo basePlastiki nabahlinzeki bokuhlinza epulasitiki benza isenzo esikhulu sokwandisa ukuqwashiswa komphakathi nokuthuthukisa umbono womphakathi wokuhlinzwa kweplastiki. Lokhu kwanda kokubili ubungako kanye nekhwalithi yolwazi olutholakale kubathengi, kanye nokuhlushwa kwezomnotho kuma-1980, kwaqala ukwenza ukuhlinzekwa kwepulasitiki kufinyeleleke kalula kuMelika.
Ukwanda kwaqhubeka phakathi neminyaka yama-1990, naphezu kwezinkinga ezibangelwa izinguquko zokunakekelwa kwezempilo, okubangela ukwehla okubukhali ekubuyiselweni kwezinkampani zomshuwalense emsebenzini wokuvuselela. Abahlinza abaningi abahlinzayo baphoqeleka ukuba bagxile kakhulu emsebenzini wokwenza izimonyo ukuze bahlale beqhuba, kanti abanye banquma ukuhlinzeka ngokuhlinzwa ngokuqhubekayo ngokuphelele.
Okumangalisa ukuthi ukuphikisana okukhulayo mayelana nokufaka izibeletho ze- silicone kwakubonakala kungavimbela inani elikhulayo leziguli ezifuna izinqubo zezimonyo. Ngaleso sikhathi, ngo-1998, uMengameli uBill Clinton wasayina umthethosivivinywa owafaka amalungiselelo afuna izinkampani zomshuwalense ukumboza izindleko zokuhlinzwa kokuvuselelwa kwesifuba se-post-mastectomy.
Ukuhlinzwa Kwepulasitiki Namuhla
Ngawo-2000, ukuhlinzekwa kwezithokozi kuye kwajabulela ukuqhuma ekuthandweni, futhi intuthuko yezokwelapha iye yakwenza amandla okuvuselela okwakuvele abe iphupho lento okungenzeka kube yinto eyodwa. Kulesi sikhathi sokukhulumisana okusheshayo, i-intanethi kanye nethelevishini bangene emdlalweni, futhi manje singakwazi ukubuka cishe nganoma yiluphi uhlobo lwenqubo yokuhlinzwa yaseplastiki kusukela enduduzo yamakhaya ethu.
Njengamanje, umkhuba obaluleke kunawo wonke ekuhlinzekeni kwepulasitiki ukuhambisa izinqubo ezincane ezingenasidingo ezenzelwe ukuvala izimpawu ezibonakalayo zokuguga. Eqinisweni, izinqubo ezithandwa kakhulu ngalesi sikhathi zihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, njengezigcwalisi zobuso bombuso futhi, ikakhulukazi, i- Botox . Kucatshangwa ukuthi kunezilonda eziyi-1.1 million ze-botox ezihlinzekwe e-US minyaka yonke, futhi leyo namba ikhula njalo.
Ngisho naphakathi kwamaphrotheji asepulasitiki ngokwabo, kuye kwaba nenkulumo-mpikiswano enhle ngokuphathelene nokufika kwe "Plastic Surgery Reality TV" Umbukiso wethelevishini "Extreme Makeover" , kuyilapho odumile, kuye kwaba yinkinga yokuphikisana okuthile. Kungakanani kakhulu, futhi yiziphi izinhlobo zamanani esizifundisayo ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo ezifana nalokhu?
Yiqiniso, ezinye iziboniso eziningana ngezihloko zokuhlinza epulasitiki zilandele ezinyathelweni ze- "Extreme Makeover" . Naphezu kokuphikisana okuqhubekayo mayelana nokufaneleka kwabo, akungabazeki ukuthi abantu bacabanga futhi bakhuluma ngokuhlinzwa kweplastiki kunanini ngaphambili emlandweni walo. Sonke sifundiswa kangcono njengabathengi mayelana nezingozi ezingase zibe khona kanye nemivuzo yokuhlinzwa kwepulasitiki , futhi inhlamba eyake yahlanganiswa ekuhlinzekeni kwezithokozi iwela ngasendleleni.
Izwi elivela
Ngenhlanhla, ezinye zezindaba eziphathelene nokuhlinzekwa kwepulasitiki zigxilwe emsebenzini wokuvuselela ngokuyisimangaliso ukuthi odokotela abahlinzayo basePlastiki benza ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuphila kulabo abangenakukwazi ukuthola usizo. Kuye kwaba yinto evame kakhulu ukuba odokotela abahlinzayo basePlastiki bazinike isikhathi sabo kanye namathalenta amaningi ekuhlinzekeni ukuvuselelwa kabusha kwezingane ezinezinkinga zokukhulelwa ezikhungathekisayo ezihlala ezingxenyeni ezihluphekile zomhlaba. Kwabaningi balabahlinzayo, yizo izindlela zabo zokuhlinza izimonyo ezibavumela ukuba banikeze izinsizakalo zabo kulaba bantu abasha abanenhlanhla.
Lezi zibonakaliso zokuziphendulela ziye zasiza ekuthuthukiseni umbono womphakathi wezinhlinzeko zepulasitiki futhi ukushayela ekhaya umqondo wokuthi ukuhlinzwa kabusha nokuhlinzeka ngezimonyo kungasebenza ngesandla ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinga lempilo yabaningi. Mhlawumbe nalokhu kuyingxenye ebangela ukukhula okumangalisayo emininini yonyaka yabantu abathola ukuhlinzwa kweplastiki.
> Imithombo:
> Society of American of Abahlinzayo Plastic.
> I-American Board of Surgery Plastic.