Cishe ingxenye yesithathu yabantu abane-autism sebenzisa kancane noma akukho ulimi olukhulunywayo
Ngokwenhlolovo yeBoston University, cishe amaphesenti angu-30 abantu ababhekene ne-autism spectrum disorder "abakafundi ukukhuluma okungaphezu kwamagama ambalwa." I-autism engekho emthethweni ayiphenywe kahle, futhi kancane iyaziwa ngezinqubo zokucabanga zabantu abangakhulumi. Noma kunjalo, olunye ucwaningo luqhubeka, futhi ubuchwepheshe obusha buvula iminyango yokuxhumana nokuqonda.
Kuyini Ukuzimela Kwemvelo?
Cishe ingxenye yesithathu yabantu ku-autism spectrum ayisebenzisi ulimi oluthile noma amagama ambalwa kuphela. Bonke laba bantu bangachazwa ngokuthi bane-autism engenalutho. Noma kunjalo igama elithi "autism nonverbal" alikho isimo esisemthethweni, futhi akukho ukuhlushwa okunjengokuthi "i-autism engekho emthethweni." Ngokwengxenye, kungenxa yokuthi ayikho umugqa ocacile phakathi kwabantu abakhulume nabangenalutho abane-autism. Ngokwesibonelo:
- Abanye abantu abane-autism abangenalutho bahlakulela ikhono lokusebenzisa amagama ambalwa ngendlela enengqondo kodwa abakwazi ukuqhuba noma yiluphi uhlobo lwengxoxo ebalulekile. Isibonelo, bangase bathi "imoto" ukusho ukuthi "masihambe," kodwa ngeke sikwazi ukuphendula umbuzo othi "kufanele sihambe kuphi?"
- Abanye abantu "abangenalutho" banakho ikhono lokukhuluma kodwa abanakho ikhono lokusebenzisa ulimi ngendlela enenjongo. Laba bantu bangase "baphakamise" izikripthi ezithelevishini noma izinkulumo abafundiswa ngababelapha. Esikhundleni sokusebenzisa lezi zikripthi ukuze uxoxe imibono noma izifiso, noma kunjalo, kubonakala sengathi zisebenzisa "iskripthi" njengendlela yokuvuselela ukuzikhukhumeza.
- Abantu abambalwa abangenalutho bangakwazi ukusebenzisa ulimi olukhulunywe ngempumelelo kepha bakwazi ukuxhumana nolimi olubhalwe phansi noma olufakiwe, ulimi lwezandla lwaseMelika, amakhadi wesithombe , noma amadivaysi okuxhumana adijithali. Lapho umuntu ekhuluma ngokuphumelelayo, ngisho nangaphandle kolimi olukhulunywe, ikhono labo lokuzibandakanya ezweni liye landa ngokuphawulekayo.
Ingabe Ukuntula Inkulumo Kusho Ukuntula Ubuhlakani?
Noma ubani othola i-IQ amaphesenti angama-70 noma angaphansi kokuhlolwa okuqondile kubhalwe nge-Intellectually Disabled (ID). Kuze kube yamuva nje, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi zonke izingane ezingenabani ne-autism zazikhubazekile ngokwengqondo ngenxa elula yokuthi izikolo zabo ze-IQ zawela phansi (ngokuvamile ziphansi) 70.
Eminyakeni yamuva, kuye kwacaca ukuthi izivivinyo ze-IQ ezijwayelekile ziyizinto ezimbi kakhulu zokulinganisa ikhono lobuhlakani ezinganeni ezine-autism-ikakhulukazi uma lezo zingane zingekho. Izizathu zicacile; Ngokwesibonelo:
- Ukuhlolwa kwe-IQ, ngokuyinhloko, kuxhomeke ekutheni ikhono lomqaphi lokuhlola ukuqonda ngokushesha nokuphendula ulwazi lomlomo. Izingane ezingenabanikazi abane-autism zinezinselele kulezo zindawo ezingahle zingenakho ukuxhumana nokuhlakanipha okuyisisekelo.
- Izivivinyo eziningi ze-IQ zidinga ikhono lokuqonda nokuphendula ezinkambisweni zomphakathi kanye nokulindela, nokuphendula esikhathini esithile. Lokhu okulindelwe kuyinselele kakhulu kubantwana abane-autism, kungaba ngamazwi noma cha.
- Izinkinga ezibucayi ezingabangela izinkinga zezingane ezivamile zingaphazamisa izingane nge-autism. Izingane ezingenabanikazi abane-autism abanalo ikhono lokuvumela abahloli bazi ngezinkinga ezinjalo.
- Abahloli bavame ukuqeqesha ukuba basebenze, bahlanganyele, noma "bafunde" izingane ezinesidingo esikhethekile, ikakhulukazi izingane ezingabonanga. Uma bengenakukwazi ukubandakanya ingane, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthi ingane izoletha izinga eliphezulu layo lekhono.
Ngabe-ke, i-IQ kufanele ilinganiselwe kanjani phakathi kwezingane ezingenabantwana nge-autism? Okufanelekile, impendulo kufanele ihlanganise kokubili izivivinyo ze-IQ ezingenalutho kanye nokubonwa okungahambisani nokuhlolwa.
I-TONI (Ukuhlolwa kobuhlakani obungenalutho) yisibonelo esisodwa sohlolo lwe-IQ lwama-nonverbal oluvame ukhetho olungcono kubantwana abangabonanga nabantwana abane-autism ngokujwayelekile.
Ukubheka izingane ezingekho emthethweni ezilungiselelweni ezijwayelekile kunganikeza nabahloli abanolwazi lwezwe langempela ngamakhono ngokuhambisana namakhono okuthatha ukuhlolwa.
Ngokuvamile, nakuba izingane ezingenayo i-autistic zingase zihluleke ukubambisana noma ziqonde ngokugcwele izinhloso zokuhlolwa okulinganiselwe, ziyakwazi ukubhekana nezinselele zokuqonda ezifana nokuxazulula izinkinga zezibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi noma amapuzzli.
Yiqiniso, izifunda zesikole noma ama-ejensi cishe ngeke zamukele imiphumela yalezi zivivinyo nganoma yisiphi isikhathi maduzane, kodwa ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi kungenzeka kakhulu ukuveza ikhono elingempela lomntwana.
Kungani Abantu Abangenayo Abantu Abaphethe I-Autism Bafunda Ukukhuluma?
Esinye sezici eziqakatheke kakhulu ze-autism engezona yiqiniso lokuthi akekho owazi ngempela ukuthi kungani abanye abantu abane-autism bengakwazi, noma bangasebenzisi ulimi olukhulunywayo. Kuyaphazamiseka ikakhulukazi ngoba abantu abambalwa abangabonanga emaceleni bangakhetha futhi bakhulume ngokusebenzisa ulimi lwezandla lwamaMelika, amakhadi wesithombe, kanye namathuluzi amaningi.
Yiqiniso, abanye abantu abane-autism nabo banama-apraxia ekukhulumeni kwengane, inselele yezinzwa ezenza ulimi olukhulumayo lukhuni kakhulu. Kodwa abantu abaningi abangenalutho embukisweni we-autism abanalo i-apraxia; abakhulumi nje. Ngokusobala, kukhona ukungafani kokusebenza kobuchopho okuvimbela ulimi olukhulunywayo, kodwa ngalesi sikhathi, akukho sivumelwane ngalokho okushiwo lokho kungezwani noma ukuthi kuthinta kanjani noma yikuphi okunikeziwe.
Ucwaningo lusebenzisa izinsimbi ezifana ne-electroencephalograms (ukulinganisa ama-brainwaves) kanye ne-MRI's (ukulinganisa umsebenzi wezobuchopho) ngomzamo wokuqonda kangcono ukuthi kwenzekani ngaphakathi kwengqondo yomuntu ongakwazi ukukhuluma noma ongakwazi ukukhuluma. Abanye balinganisa amehlo. Kuze kube manje kubonakala sengathi abantu abane-autism engamazwi baqonda okuningi kunalokho abakhuluma ngakho; kodwa kangakanani-ke, yiliphi izinga, lihlala lingacacile.
Ingabe Ingane Yami Nge-Autism Ingafunda Ukukhuluma?
Ngokuvamile, abahlinzeki basebenzisa igama elithi "preverbal" kunokuba "bangabonakali" ukuchaza izingane ze-autistic ezingasebenzisi ulimi olukhulunywayo. Ngezinye izikhathi leli gama linembile: izingane ezimbalwa ze-autistic ezinezinkulumo ezilibazisekile zithola ikhono lokuxhumana nolimi olukhulunywe. Abanye baba kahle. Abanye, noma kunjalo, abatholi okungaphezu kwamagama ambalwa, uma kunjalo.
Ngombono, ingane ehlakaniphile kakhulu kungenzeka ukuthi uzofunda ukukhuluma. Nokho, lokhu kucabangela kuyinkinga ngoba kunzima ukunquma ukuhlakanipha kwengane engakhulumi.
Ngokusho komshicileli we-NIH Workshop kwi-Nonverbal School-Aged Izingane ne-Autism, "... kuyinselelo enkulu kakhulu ukuhlola laba bantu ngezinsimbi ezijwayelekile zendabuko. Amathuluzi ethu okulinganisa amanje anokwethenjelwa kakhulu nokuqinisekiswa kwalesi sabantu. yegama elilodwa, noma inkulumo ethile ye-echolalic, ibonakala sengathi iyisibonelo esibalulekile sokuthola ulimi olukhulunywe emva kweminyaka emihlanu ubudala.
Kuzo zombili ukucwaninga nokuhlela ukwelashwa, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa ukuthi ngabe izingane zingabonakali yini (okungukuthi, akukho ulimi olukhulunywayo), ama-preverbal (okungukuthi, izingane ezincane ezingakhulumi ulimi lwamazwi), noma okungezona okukhulumisana (okusho ukuthi, amakhono okukhulumisana okungenalutho). "
NgingaKhuthaza Kanjani Ingane Yami Ukukhuluma (noma Ekukhulumeni Okungalungile)?
Kunezinkambiso eziningi zokukhuthaza nokuthuthukisa ulimi olukhulunyelwe izingane ezine-autism, nakuba kungekho isiqinisekiso sokuthi noma iyiphi indlela ethile ezosebenza ngempumelelo kunoma yimuphi ingane enikeziwe. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ukwelapha izinkulumo , ukungenelela kokuziphatha , ngisho nokudlala ukwelashwa kungathuthukisa ukuxhumana ngomlomo. Olunye ucwaningo lwaqala luphinde lubonise ukuthi ukwelashwa komculo kanye namasu ahlobene angenza umthelela omuhle ekukhulumeni.
Izwi elivela
Uma ingane yakho ingakhulumi noma isebenzisa amagama okukhulumisana, kubalulekile ukukhumbula la maqiniso amanga futhi abalulekile:
- Ukutholakala kolwazi olulandelwe isikhathi esincane akuyona neze inkomba ye-IQ ephansi noma ukuhlaselwa okubi.
- Izingane ezine-autism zingase zithuthukise ulimi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ikakhulukazi ekuthuthukiseni izingane, okusho ukuthi kuyadingeka ukuqhubeka nokwelashwa kwamazwi.
- Ukuxhumana ngokusebenzisa amasu angamazwi (amakhadi wesithombe se-PECS, ulimi lwezandla, njll) kungaba nokubaluleka ekuqaliseni ukuxhumana. Izingane ezakha amakhono okuxhumana ngokusebenzisa lezi zindlela zivame ukuthola amakhono olimi okukhulunywe ngesikhathi esifanayo.
- Kufanelekile isikhathi sabazali, imali, namandla okutshala izimali zamapayipi, izinhlelo zokusebenza, nesofthiwe evumela ingane yabo ukuthi ikhulume ngokuthinta izithombe (noma, kwezinye izimo, kumakhibhodi).
Nakuba kunamathuluzi amaningana amakhulu okukhuthaza ukukhulumisana nokuxhumana, noma kunjalo, kubalulekile ukugwema ukucaciswa kwezinto ezizwakale kuhle kakhulu ukuba zibe yiqiniso. Ezweni le-autism, enye yalezi zinselele ezingase zibe " ukukhulumisana okulula ," lapho isazi "sisekela" ingalo yomuntu we-autistic ngenkathi efana. Le ndlela isatholakali, kodwa isetshenziswe yizifundo eziningi ezibonisa ukuthi ingumuthi, hhayi umuntu we-autistic, oqondisa umunwe wokuthayipha.
Imithombo:
> Berdick, Chris. Ukuphika ikhodi yokuthula ezinganeni ezine-autism ezingakhulumi kahle. Iwebhusayithi yeBoston University. Julayi 2015.
> Isikhungo Sikazwelonke Sokuzizwa Sokuzizwa Nezinye Izinkinga Zokuxhumana. I-NIH Workshop kwi-Nonverbal School-Aged Children ne-Autism. April 2010.
> Bardikoff, N. et al. Ukuhlola i-IQ engabonakali ezinganeni ezine-Autism Spectrum Disorders. Ucwaningo ku-Autism Spectrum Disorders. Umqulu 8, Issue 9, September 2014, amakhasi 1200-1207
> Rudacil, Deborah. Izilinganiso ze-IQ azikho isilinganiso esihle sokusebenza ku-autism. Izindaba ze-Spectrum, ngo-6 Januwari 2011.