Funda ngemigomo njenge-Mand, i-Reinforcer, ne-Echo
I-ABA (Applied Behavior Analysis), nganoma yisiphi isilinganiso, ethandwa kakhulu futhi esetshenziswa kabanzi nge-autism therapy. I-ABA ingasetshenziselwa ukufundisa ukuziphatha okufanele noma amakhono, futhi ngokuvamile ihlinzekwa kubantwana be-autistic ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo ezingenazo izindleko zokuqala kanye nezinhlelo zesikole.
U-ABA Usebenza Kanjani?
I-ABA yakhiwe ngokuhambisana nokuziphatha komdabu. Ukuziphatha ngokuziphatha kubheka ukuthi kokubili izilwane nabantu bafunda ukuziphatha ngendlela efanele ngoba basabela emivuzo noma imiphumela emihle.
Ezingeni elilula, izinja zenza amaqhinga ngoba zilindele ukwelashwa, futhi zigwema ukudonsa kwi-leash ngoba azifani nomzwelo wekholomu ezishaya. Ezingeni eliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, abasebenzi basebenza kanzima uma bekulindele ibhonasi ngomzamo wabo owengeziwe, futhi bagwema ukweba kumqashi wabo ngoba abathandi umqondo wokuya ejele.
I-ABA iyindlela yokwelapha esebenzisa inkolelo yokuziphatha ukufundisa abantu abane-autism ukuthi baphendule ngendlela efanele, benze izicelo, futhi baziphathe ngendlela evamile. Kule minyaka, abacwaningi be-ABA bathole ukuthi imiphumela yokungalaleli akugcini nje ngokungabazeki ngokomthetho, kodwa ayadingekile. Ngakho-ke, ezimweni eziningi, abakwa-ABA abahlinzeki abasebenzisanga imiphumela noma isijeziso; Kunalokho, uma ingane ihluleka ukuthobela, ayitholi umvuzo.
Ifomu eliyisisekelo kunazo zonke le-ABA ukwelashwa empeleni lilula:
- Uqala ngokunquma, ngokusebenzisa ingxoxo noma ukuhlolwa, yikuphi umvuzo okuthakazelisayo kakhulu kwengane. Ngenkathi ezinye izingane zisabela kahle ekumomotheni nasekudumiseni, abanye bangase baphendule ekwelapheni njengokudla okuthandayo noma ithuba lokwenza into abayithandayo.
- Okulandelayo, ubuza ingane ngokuziphatha okufunayo. Lokhu kuziphatha kungaba into elula njengokuthi "thatha isipuni", "phinda leli gama", "yisho le nto," noma njengenkimbinkimbi ngokuthi "unengxoxo efanele nomfundi ofunda naye."
- Uma ingane isabela njengokuthanda kwayo, ithola umvuzo. Uma kungenjalo, akukho mvuzo. Kwezinye izimo, isicelo siphindwa kuze kube yilapho ingane ivumelana.
Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi ifomu elilula kakhulu le-ABA elichazwe ngenhla, elibizwa ngokuthi "ukuhlolwa okuyi-discrete," akusho ukuthi yilo kuphela uhlobo olukhona lwe-ABA. Eqinisweni, kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zezindlela ezintsha ze-ABA ezinamagama afana ne "impendulo ephawulekayo" nethi "imvelo yemvelo yokufundisa" engaphansi kokulawulwa kancane. Zonke izici ze-ABA, noma kunjalo, zisekelwe ekuziphatheni futhi zisebenzisa imivuzo yokuqinisa ukuziphatha okuhle.
Yimiphi imigomo esetshenziswa ngabakwa-ABA Therapists ukuchazela ukwelapha?
I-ABA ngokwayo ayinzima kakhulu. Kodwa njengamazinkambu eziningi zobuchwepheshe, abahlinzeki bokuziphatha basebenzisa amagama akhethekile (jargon) ukuchaza lokho abakwenzayo. Nakhu embalwa emibandela ongase uyizwe kusuka ku-ABA we-albhamu yengane yakho:
- Ukuphathwa noma umvuzo owenzelwe umsebenzi okwenziwe kahle kuthiwa i- reinforcer .
- Isicelo sokuziphatha okufunayo sibizwa ngokuthi i- mand .
- Umsindo noma igama elilingiswayo (umuthi uthi "tshela isipuni" futhi ingane ithi "isipuni") kubizwa ngokuthi i- echo .
- Ilebula yomlomo (lo muthi uthi "kuyini lokhu?" Futhi ingane isabela "isipuni") kuthiwa yiqhinga .
- Impendulo efanele engxoxweni (umuthi uthi "ufunani?" Futhi ingane iphendula "ikhukhi") ibizwa ngokuthi i- intraverbal .
Ihluke Kanjani I-ABA Kokubeletha Okuvamile Noma Ukufundisa?
Ngakho-ke umehluko phakathi kwamandla kanye nesicelo, noma i-reinforcer nomklomelo? Isibonelo, uma uthi "UJaney, uma uthi spoon ngizokunika ikhukhi," wenza into efanayo nanjengomqambi we-ABA ongayenza?
Umehluko, ngokusho kuka-Amanda Reed, i-BAppSc, MA, incane kakhulu. "Ukumiswa kuyisicelo, kodwa konke okuza ngaphambi nangemva kwesicelo. Ngaphambi kokugunyazwa kuvela uhlobo oluthile lokunqotshwa noma ukuphazamiseka ."
Isibonelo, udokotela, ekwazi ukuthi ingane ithanda amakhukhi e-Oreo, ingase ibambe i-Oreo esandleni sayo ibonise iklayenti.
Lona ukuhlwithwa noma ukuphazamiseka . Uma iklayenti isebenzisa ngendlela efanele ngokucela i-cookie ngokusebenzisa amagama, amakhadi wesithombe, izimpawu, njll, lo mphilisi uphendula ngokunikela ngekhukhi. Uma iklayenti ivele ibambe, umhlinzeki ugodla ikhukhi futhi uyala iklayenti ukuthi isebenzise igunya elifanele.
> Imithombo:
> Hagopian, Louis et al. Ukuhlaziywa kokuziphatha okusetshenzisiwe. UKennedy Krieger. Iwebhu. 2017.
> Ukuxoxisana no-Amanda Reed, BAppSc, MA, uMqondisi weNtuthuko e-Pyramid Group Management Services Corporation. September, 2010.
> Slocum, uTimoti A. et al. Umkhuba osekelwe ebufakazini wokuhlaziywa kokuziphatha okusetshenzisiwe. " I-Analyst Behavior 37.1 (2014): 41-56. PMC . Iwebhu. 24 Aug. 2017.