UCharles Darwin wayengusosayensi waseBrithani wekhulu le-19 owathi kuqala ukuthi zonke izinhlobo zezinhlobo zavela kwabanye. Emzimbeni wakhe womsebenzi, wanikeza imibono eyaziwa ngokuthi yiTheory of Evolution, esekelwe inqubo yokhetho lwemvelo. UDarwin waqala ukushicilela le mibono ngevolumu ebizwa nge -Origin of Species ngo-1859.
Empeleni, inkolelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ithi zonke izinto eziphilayo ziye zavela kwezinye izinto eziphilayo. Zonke izinto eziphilayo zingalandela izimpande zazo kwezinye izinhlobo ezaza ngaphambi kwazo. Izinhlobo ziyaqhubeka ziguquka, ngezinye izikhathi zihlukanisa zibe yizilwane ezintsha.
Kuyini Ukukhethwa Kwemvelo?
Ukukhethwa kwemvelo kuchaza indlela izinhlobo zezilwane ezivumelanisa ngayo nemvelo yazo, okwenza bakwazi ukukwazi ukuphila - nokuguquka - njengoba isimo sishintsha. Inqubo yokukhethwa kwemvelo iqala ngabantu abanezakhi zofuzo ezikhiqiza izici ezinika inzuzo yokuphila. Le nzuzo yokuphila isho ukuthi cishe uhlala isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukuzala futhi unikeza le nzuzo kubantwana bakho. Kuzo zonke izizukulwane, abantu abaningi banenzuzo ngoba labo abangenayo cishe bafa ngaphambi kokuzala.
Isibonelo salokho kuguquguquka kwakuyoba indlela abantu abaye baqala ngayo ukuba bade noma bahambe ngokuqondile.
Esinye isibonelo kungaba ukuthi izilwane ezincane ezithathwe yizilwane ezinkulu ziguqukile ukugijima masinyane kunabalandeli babo.
Ukucindezelwa kwemvelo kungaba isomiso esithandayo izitshalo nezilwane ezingasinda ngamanzi amancane noma ezikwazi ukuthuthela ezindaweni ezinamanzi amaningi. Isomiso asidala izici kulezi zitshalo nezilwane, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi zibulale labo abangenazo izici ezidingekayo.
Izici kuphela ezifakwe ngokwezakhi zofuzo zingadluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ezizayo ukusiza ukusinda kwabo.
Ukusinda kwe-Fittest
"Ukuphunyuka kwezinto ezincane kakhulu" kuyinkulumo esetshenziselwa ukuchaza ukukhethwa kwemvelo. Abanye abantu bakhokha uDarwin ngombhalo. Kodwa-ke, kuyilapho uDarwin esamukela leli gama esikhathini esilandelayo kolu chungechunge lwakhe, umuntu owaqala ukusebenzisa le nkulumo wayengumlingani kaDarwin's, isazi sefilosofi saseBrithani uHerbert Spencer.
Izibonelo Zezokwelapha Zokukhethwa Kwemvelo Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo Ekusebenzeni
Izinkolelo zikaDarwin ziye zaba ukuhlolwa kwesikhathi, futhi zisetshenziswa namuhla njengesizathu sezincazelo eziningana zempilo nezokudokotela:
- Ama-bacterium kanye namagciwane okwenza abantu bagule futhi bafe baye baqala ukuvumelanisa nezimpendulo zabo. Izibonelo yizifo ze- nosocomial ezifana ne-MRSA ne-Clostridium difficile noma izifo kanye nezifo eziwumshayabhuqe njengeH1N1 umkhuhlane wezingulube.
- Ama-anti-antibiotic-resistant bacteria aguquke ezindaweni ezihlala esibhedlela nasezihlengikazi lapho kusetshenziswa khona ama-antibiotics. Ama-antibiotic angase abulale amaningi amabhaktheriya, kodwa inamba encane inekhono lokusinda (okusinda kakhulu kunazo zonke) futhi lokhu kuveza. Ukukhetha okusemvelo kusemsebenzini. Ama-bacterium angenamandla manje angakhula, esikhundleni samabhaktheriya abulawa yi-antibiotic. Ngenxa yalokho, kuhlale kunesidingo sama-antibiotic amasha ukuthi amabhaktheriya angakabikho ukumelana.
- Imithi yokwenza umuntu kanye ne-Human Genome Project kokubili kuncike emacinisweni kaDarwin. Ikhodi yofuzo yabantu ishintshwe izici ezitholwa abantu ngaphezu kwezizukulwane eziningi.