E-United States, naphezu kokulindela okukhulu, isimiso sethu sokunakekelwa kwempilo sisasebenza njengendlela eyodwa-ifanisha-ifanele-yonke imodeli. Abanye babhekisela kulokhu njengesimodeli sabantu. Lesi siphakamiso sikisela ukuthi kubantu abaningi, ukugula-kungaba yisifo esijwayelekile noma umdlavuza-kunesimo esivamile esilandelayo, futhi abantu abaningi bazozuza ngendlela ehambisanayo yokwelapha.
Uma ukwelashwa okwehlukile kungasebenzi, uhlelo lwesipiliyoni sokwelapha oluphumelela kakhulu lubekiwe.
Lokhu kuyaqhubeka kuze kube sekugcineni ukugula kukhululiwe. Ukwelashwa kusethelwe ngokusekelwe kwezibalo zabantu ezikhona, futhi ukuhlolwa nesiphambeko kusetshenziselwa isiguli kahle. Kulesi simodeli semithi, izici zomuntu siqu, izici eziyingozi, ukukhetha kokuphila kanye nezakhi zofuzo ngokuvamile akucatshangwa. Ngakho-ke, indlela yokwelashwa ngeke ibe yinto ehle kuzo zonke izimo, ehluleka labo abangafanani nemingcele "yesilinganiso".
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imithi eyenziwe ngokwezifiso, ikhuthaza ukwakheka kwezempilo. Ihlose ukuvimbela izifo, kanye nokulungisa izifo kumuntu ukuze isifo noma ukugula kungabhekwa ngendlela ezithembisa ithuba eliphakeme kakhulu lokuphumelela ngokusekelwe emibhalweni yomuntu ngamunye. Ukucatshangelwa kwalokhu kuyindlela yokwelapha yomuntu siqu (PM) ucabangela ukuthi izidakamizwa kanye nokungenelela kuzoba nokusebenza okuhlukile ngokusekelwe kumuntu ophathwayo.
Ubuchwepheshe bezeMpilo esikhathini sobuGomomics
Manje isayensi inayo ibalazwe eliphelele lazo zonke izakhi zofuzo emzimbeni, imithi eyenziwe ngokwayo ibonakala njengeqiniso.
I-National Human Genome Research Institute igcizelela ukuthi lo muthi wokwenza umuntu siqu uhilela ukusetshenziswa kwephrofayli yesiguli sesiguli ukuqondisa izinqumo mayelana nokuvimbela, ukuxilongwa nokuphathwa.
Ubuchwepheshe bamuva bezempilo manje buvumela ukuthi i-genome yomuntu ihlolwe ukuze kutholakale izici ezithile noma ukungavamile.
Ukudalulwa komphakathi kuka-Angelina Jolie ngokuthwala isakhi segciwane le-BRCA1, okumbeka engozini enkulu yomdlavuza wesifuba nomdlavuza we-ovari, kwaletha ezinye zalezi zici emphakathini. Ukwenza izinqumo ngokusekelwe kohlobo lofuzo kungase kungabi yinto evamile emisebenzini yokunakekelwa kwempilo yansuku zonke, kodwa kuyaqhubeka kakhulu.
I-oncology yindawo yemithi lapho i-DNA yokulandelela ubuchwepheshe inamandla amaningi. Isibonelo, umdlavuza wamaphaphu, kunezinketho eziningi zokwelapha ezikhethwe ngabanye manje ezitholakala ngokusekelwe ezihlotsheni ezahlukene zempilo yomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Uma kunesibonakaliso sezokwelapha, izivivinyo zofuzo zingavame ukumbozwa ngumshuwalense, ikakhulukazi uma kukhona izidakamizwa ezivunyelwe i-FDA noma ukwelashwa okuhlobene nokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo.
Muva nje, abacwaningi baye basebenzisa ukulandelana kwe-DNA ukuze kutholakale ukuxhumana phakathi kwegciwane lesandulela ngculaza (BLV) nomdlavuza webele. Kwakukholelwa ukuthi le virus yezinkomo ayikwazi ukuthelela abantu. Kodwa-ke, isifundo esenziwa yi-University of California, Berkeley, kanye neYunivesithi yaseNew South Wales, eSydney, yabonisa ukuthi i-BLV ingaba khona emashumini omuntu eminyakeni emithathu kuya kweyishumi ngaphambi kokuba umdlavuza utholakale, okubonisa ukulungiswa okuqinile.
Ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha okwenziwe nge-genome kuyaqhubeka nokusetshenziswa ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokulandelana kwesizukulwane esilandelayo (NGS).
Ngokusho kweNational Human Genome Research Institute, ukulandelana kwe-genome yonke manje kungenziwa ngaphansi kwamahora angaba ngu-24 ngaphansi kuka-$ 1,000. Izinsizakalo zezakhi zofuzo zineqiniso kakhulu futhi zingabizi futhi manje zisetshenziselwa izikhungo zomphakathi nezizimele. Kodwa-ke, izinselelo eziningi zisadingeka zibhekane nazo. Ngokwesibonelo, odokotela abaningi bangase bangabi namathuba okuqeqesha futhi abajwayele ubuchwepheshe obusanda kuvela. Abanye ochwepheshe nabo baxwayisa ukuthi kudingeka kube nokulinganisela phakathi kwethemba kanye ne-hype nokuthi izindaba zokuziphatha kufanele zihlolwe ngokucophelela.
A New Organ kusuka Amakholi Wakho
Mhlawumbe enye yezinqubo ezithokozisa kakhulu endaweni yokwelapha okwenziwe ngomuntu ukunyathelisa izitho ezingu-3-D ezisuka kumaseli akho. Kubikezelwa ukuthi eminyakeni engaba ngu-10 kuya kweyi-15, izitho ziyovame ukukhiqizwa kusuka kwamaseli avuna iziguli ngokwawo ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-3-D bioprinting. Esikhathini esizayo, ukuguqulwa komzimba kungase kugcine kushintshwe yi-organ-growing growing.
U-Anthony Atala, MD, uMqondisi we-Wake Forest Institute ye-Regenerative Medicine (WFIRM), usevele wabonisa ukuthi izinso eziguquguqukayo zingakhiwa ngokusebenzisa inqubo enjalo, okusiza ekunciphiseni inkinga ebangelwa ukuntuleka komzimba. Njengamanje, ososayensi e-WFIRM bangobunjiniyela bama-tissue angaphezu kuka-30 nezinhlaka ezingasetshenziswa njengezitho zokufaka esikhundleni. I-Organovo, inkampani esebenzela izicubu zomuntu ezenziwe ngezifiso, iye yaveza izinhlobo ze-3-D ezinobindi ezihlala zisebenza futhi zizinzile izinsuku ezingaba ngu-60, okuyi-ngcono kusukela ekusebenzeni kwangaphambili kwezinsuku ezingu-28. Izicubu ezinyathelisiwe zesibindi zingasetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa, zinikeza okunye ukuhlolwa kwesilwane kanye ne-in vitro. Linikeza nethemba elisha kubantu abanezimo ezihlukahlukene zezakhi zofuzo abangazuza ngokufakelwa. Ngo-2016, ososayensi baseShayina baphumelela ukunyathelisa ingxenye ye-atrium yesokunxele senhliziyo. Ukungafakwa kwalesi sigaba kungadlala indima ekuvimbeleni ukushaywa iziguli ezikhungweni ze-atrial fibrillation. Kubukeka ukuthi ubuchwepheshe be-3-D bunganikeza isethulo esithuthukisiwe sohlelo lokusebenza lomuntu ongakwesobunxele olwesobunxele uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela ezijwayelekile zokucabanga. Lokhu kubalulekile kubahlinzeki abahlinzayo njengoba kudingeka isidingo esilungile sokuqala ngaphambi kokuba baqale ngenqubo yokumnyama.
Ubuchwepheshe Bamaselula Nezokwelapha Ezizimele
U-Eric Topol, uMqondisi kanye noProfesa we-Genomics ku-Scripps Translational Science Institute, uchaza ama-Smartphone manje-wonke njengenhloko yezokwelapha esizayo. Amafoni omakhalekhukhwini nezinsimbi zamaselula angasetshenziswa njenge-biosensors-ukulinganisa ingcindezi yegazi, isigqi senhliziyo, amazinga ashukela egazi kanye namagagasi obuchopho-kanye nokusebenza njengendlela yokuhlola njenge-otoscope noma i-ultrasound. Abantu manje bangenza izilinganiso eziningi ngokwabo, uma befuna nalapho bekulungele khona. Bangabuka futhi bahumushe idatha yabo ngaphandle kokuba bavakashele udokotela, okwenza ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kube ngokwengeziwe komuntu siqu nangokwamuntu ngamunye.
Izinkinga Zokuziphatha Ezizungezile Ukuthuthukiswa Kwemithi Eyodwa
Kusukela ekutholeni komuthi okwenziwe ngokomuntu, ukulinganiselwa okuncane kwalendlela kuye kwaxoxwa ngakho. Ezinye izazi zithi zibeka ingozi yokunciphisa imithi ekuprofethweni kwamangqamuzana. Umkhuba wendabuko owenziwe ngokufanele wendabuko kumele usuvele ufake idijithali yokuzikhethela ngokubheka izici zakho eziyingqayizivele, umlando wezokwelapha kanye nezimo zenhlalo. Ososayensi abaningi bezenhlalakahle kanye nama-bioethicists bakholelwa ukuthi ilebula elithi "imithi yomuntu siqu" lingabandakanya ukushintshashintsha komthwalo wemfanelo kumuntu ngamunye, okungenzeka ukuxoshe ezinye izici zezenhlalo ezibalulekile ukuhlola kanye. Le ndlela ingase ibe negalelo ekwenzeni isiko "sokusola isisulu," ukudala ukucwaswa kwamaqembu athile abantu nokuthatha imithombo yezempilo yomphakathi kude nezinyathelo ezama ukubhekana nokungalingani kwezenhlalakahle nokungalingani okuthinta impilo.
I-athikili eyanyatheliswa yi-Hastings Center-isikhungo sokucwaninga esibhekene nezinkinga zokuziphatha nezenhlalakahle ekunakekelweni kwempilo, isayensi, nobuchwepheshe-kugcizelele ukuthi kungase kube nokulindela okwephutha okuzungeze imithi yomuntu siqu. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi esikhathini esizayo, uzokwazi ukuthola imithi ekhethekile noma ukwelashwa okukhethekile kuwe kuphela. Imithi yokwakheka iningi mayelana nokuhlukanisa abantu ngamaqembu ngokusekelwe kolwazi lomzimba futhi ubheke izingozi zakho zezempilo kanye nezimpendulo zokwelashwa kumongo waleso sakhi zofuzo.
Abantu abaningi bakhathazekile ngokuthi ukuhlukaniswa njengelungu leqembu elithile, ngokwesibonelo, ukwandisa amazinga omshwalense wakho noma ukwenze ube ngumsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni. Lezi zici azizona ezingenasisekelo. Imithi eyenziwe ngokwezifiso ihambisana nokuqoqwa kwedatha okwandisiwe, nokuphepha kwedatha kuyinselele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba ngaphansi kwesigcawu esithile kungase kukuphoqe ukuba uhlanganyele ezinhlelweni zokuhlola njengendaba yokuzibophezela komphakathi ekunciphiseni inkululeko yokuzikhethela.
Kunezimpendulo ezikhona zokuziphatha ezenzelwe odokotela abasebenzisa ulwazi lwe-genomic. Ngokwesibonelo, odokotela kungase kudingeke bacabange ukuhoxisa ezinye izingcezu zolwazi ezingenaso usizo lwezokwelapha. Inqubo yokudalula idinga ukuhlelwa ngokucophelela ukuvimbela ukudideka noma ukulimaza isiguli. Noma kunjalo, lokhu kungabonakalisa ukubuyela emithi yokwelapha lapho udokotela enquma ukuthi yini engcono kakhulu kuwe nokuthi yini okufanele uyitshelwe. Kusobala ukuthi kunesidingo sokwakheka kohlelo oluqinile kule nsimu, kanye nesidingo sokuqapha ngokucophelela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhathazeka kulinganiswe nezinzuzo.
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