Ngaphambi Kwenkathi Yolwazi, okuningi kwemithi kwakuyizobuciko obukhulu njengoba kwakunesayensi. Odokotela bathembele emakhono abo okubuka izinto ngokungafani nalokho abakwenzayo esikhathini sanamuhla. Lokhu ikakhulu ngenxa yokuthi ubuchwepheshe bezempilo buthuthukisa imithi.
Enye yezinzuzo zezempilo ye-digital ukuthi ihhovisi likadokotela alikaze liseduze kakhulu nekhaya ngaphambili. Sinikezwe igunya lokuthatha imithwalo yemfanelo xaxa uma kuziwa empilweni yethu.
Ubuchwepheshe obusekela "quantification of self" kusenza sikwazi ukurekhoda izilinganiso ezihlukahlukene zomzimba kanye nokulandelela imisebenzi yethu yomzimba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulandelwa kwamarekhodi wezokwelapha kuye kwathuthukisa ukufinyelela kwemininingwane yethu yezempilo, kanye nokuthuthukisa ukunemba komlando wethu wezokwelapha.
Phakathi kwezinyathelo ezinhle mayelana neMpilo (impilo yezempilo) namadivaysi ezempilo digital, kunemibuzo ephakamisa ukuthi kudingeka iqondiswe uma usebenzisa le teknoloji inoveli. Eminye yale mibuzo ebalulekile ihlanganisa:
- Ingabe kukhona ukukhathazeka okuhambisana nokusetshenziswa okubanzi kwamadivaysi nezinsimbi zokusebenza ezigqokekayo?
- Iyini imiphumela yokwabelana ngemininingwane yezempilo kangaka ngokukhululekile?
- Ingabe amanye amaqembu abasebenzisi angasengozini kakhulu (kunabanye) uma evezwe emininingwaneni yempilo yezempilo engaziqondi ngempela?
Amathrendi we-Digital Health Inthanethi
Ngokombiko owenziwe uMary Meeker kaKleiner Perkins, amaphesenti angu-25 aseMelika manje anesisetshenziswa esikhanyekayo.
Lokhu kuboniswa ukwanda kwamaphesenti angu-12 kusukela ngo-2016. Phakathi Kweminyaka Eyinkulungwane, ukusetshenziswa kwamadivaysi agqoke kakhulu kufinyeleleke kuma-40%. Amadivayisi athandwa kakhulu yi-accelerometers-ijubane lilinganiselwa ngamaphesenti angu-86 wezingubo zokugqoka zesikhumba ezisetshenzisiwe namuhla-zilandelwa amadivayisi alinganisa isilinganiso senhliziyo (amaphesenti angu-33).
Ama-accelerometers ngokuvamile asetshenziselwa nezinye izinzwa, njengezinzwa zokulala kanye ne-pedometers.
Izinhlelo zokusebenza zezempilo zeselula ziye zanda futhi. Abaningi bethu manje balanda izinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukene ezithembisa ukuthuthukisa impilo yethu nenhlalakahle, kufaka phakathi ukufaneleka, ukudla, nezicelo ezihlukahlukene zesimo. Abathengi abaningi (amaphesenti angu-88) basebenzisa okungenani ithuluzi elilodwa lezempilo ledijithali, kanti eyodwa kwayishumi ingabhekwa njengabasebenzisi abakhulu, besebenzisa amathuluzi wezempilo amahlanu noma ngaphezulu. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi asigcini nje ukuqoqa ngokulangazela idatha yethu yezempilo, kodwa futhi siyaqhubeka siwabelana-ngokuzithandela noma ngokungahambisani.
Umkhuba okhulayo wezinombolo zezokwelapha ulwazi ungabonakala nasehhovisi likadokotela. Inani labahlengikazi basehhovisi basebenzisa amarekhodi ezempilo e-electronic (EHR) liye laphuma ngamaphesenti angu-21 ngonyaka we-2004 kuya kumaphesenti angu-87 ngo-2015. Inani elikhulayo lemininingwane yethu liyatholwa ngefomu ledijithali, kubandakanya imiphumela yomtholampilo kanye nemifanekiso yomzimba ekhishwayo kanye imlando yethu yezokwelapha.
Amaqembu ezokwelapha aqhubekayo anika iziguli amandla okuba yingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yokunakekela kwabo. Uma kungavamile ekwenzeni imitholampilo, izibhedlela manje zenza amaklayenti ukuba abheke ulwazi lwabo lwezempilo ku-intanethi (amaphesenti angu-95) noma alande idatha yabo (amaphesenti angu-87) ekubukeni ungaxhunyiwe ku-intanethi.
Iminyaka embalwa nje edlule idatha yezempilo ivame ukuhanjiswa iziguli, kepha ukufinyelela kwedatha manje kubhekwa njengelungelo lesiguli.
Ukufinyelela okulula kwedatha akusona kuphela isithiyo ekwenzeni lolu lwazi luwusizo. Embikweni wakhe, uMeeker unikeza izibalo ezibonisa ukuthi isibhedlela esibheke esibhedlela sama-500 esibanjwe nabasebenzi abangu-8 000 siqoqa ama-petabytes ama-50 (ama-gigabytes ayizigidi ezingu-50) ngonyaka. Ukuphatha lolu datha oluningi lwedatha, futhi lwenze kube usizo futhi lihunyushwe, kuyinkinga.
Isidingo Sokwazi Ulwazi lwe-Smart Consumer
Ukusebenzisa amapulatifomu ehlukene wezempilo kanye namadivaysi ezempilo digital kuyasiza. Kodwa-ke, uma sisebenzisa i-intanethi ne-Intanethi yezinto ukuze ithonye impilo yethu, sengozini yokwenza amadasethi akho atholakala kubadayisi nabaduni.
Kudingeka siqaphele ukuthi ukuthuthuka endaweni yezempilo kusho nokuthi abanye abantu kanye nezikhungo bangakwazi ukuthola ulwazi lwemininingwane yethu, kanye nezimo zethu ezihlobene nempilo.
Okunye ukukhathazeka mayelana nalezi zedatha yilekhwalithi yolwazi oluqoqwa. Kukhona abantu abanempilo ekhulayo abasebenzisa amadivaysi ezempilo edijithali aqondene nesimo esenzelwe abantu abanezimo ezingapheli. Leli qembu livame ukuchaza isisusa sabo njengokuhlanganiswa kwesithakazelo esimweni sezempilo kanye nendlela yokuqapha amasu okuvimbela. Kodwa-ke, abantu kuleli qembu abanalo lonke ulwazi lokusebenzisa kahle ubuchwepheshe bezempilo uma bengaphansi kokunakekelwa udokotela futhi abangahambisani kahle nendlela yokusebenzisa imishini.
U-Erik Grönvall we-IT University yaseCopenhagen noNervo Verdezoto yaseYunivesithi yase-Aarhus eDenmark kubonisa ukuthi nakuba abasebenzisi bangase bakwazi ukuzithathela izilinganiso zabo, lezi zilinganiso azisebenzi ngempela uma imishini yezempilo ye-digital ingasetshenziswanga kahle. Ucwaningo lwalandela abantu abaziqapha ukucindezelwa kwegazi ekhaya. Ukuthola isilinganiso esinokwethenjelwa sobuchwepheshe bezempilo, iziqondiso ezithile zivame ukulandelwa. Isibonelo, nge-blood pressure, "hlala uphinde uhlale imizuzu engu-5 ngaphambi kokuthatha isilinganiso." Ngezinye izikhathi, abasebenzisi abasebenzisa amadivaysi abasebenzisa amadivaysi aziqapheli imiphumela yokungabika ngokungaqondile imiphumela engalungile.
U-Grönvall noVerdezeto bayaqaphela nokuthi abahlanganyeli babo babecacile ngokungafuni abafokazi ababambe iqhaza ekuphathweni kwezempilo. Kwabaningi babo, ukudalula imikhuba yezempilo nemiphumela ayamukelekile ngaphandle kokuthi ihlobene nodokotela wabo siqu. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi inani elithile lokufunda nokubhala kwedijithali liyadingeka lapho uqoqa futhi usebenzisa izilinganiso zakho zezempilo. Abantu abaningi bangase bangazi lapho behlanganyela idatha yabo kanye / noma kwenzekani kuyo uma kwabelwana.
I-Motivation ye-Self-Monitoring and Data Practices
UProfesa Deborah Lupton, osebenza eNyuvesi yaseCanberra's News & Media Research Center, uhlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuzilandelela: ezizimele, ezomphakathi, ezixoshwayo, ezifakwe futhi ezixhashazwayo.
Abantu ngokuvamile bahlanganyela "ekuzilandeleni kwangasese" ukuze bathole ukwazisa okungcono. Baqoqa idatha ku-"n = 1" imvelo yendawo, ngakho idatha ikhawulwe kumuntu ngamunye futhi igcinwe ngasese. Ukulandelela okuyimfihlo kungahlanganiswa "nokuzithokozisa komphakathi" lapho idatha yabo ingabonakali khona, bese kuqhathaniswa futhi yabelane ngokusebenzisa amapulatifomu nemidiya yezenhlalo. Lolu hlobo lokushintshaniswa kolwazi luye lwahlotshaniswa nesayensi yesakhamuzi, ukutheleleka komphakathi, nentuthuko yomphakathi.
Ngokulandelayo, u-Lupton ukhuluma ngokuthi "uqhubekele ukulandelela" lapho isenzo sivame ukuvela kwenye i-ejenti kanye nesikhuthazo sangaphandle esinikezwa ukuqoqa nokwabelana ngolwazi lwakho. Singazibona lolu hlobo lokulandelela nezinye izinkampani zomshuwalense enikeza izikhuthazo kumakhasimende uma bevuma ukwabelana ngemininingwane yabo siqu.
"Kuthiwa ukulandelela" kungenye indlela yokulandelela enikeza izinzuzo eziningi kwamanye amaqembu kunomsebenzisi. Ngokwesibonelo, abasebenzi bangadingeka ukuba bagqoke izinzwa eziqapha ukuziphatha kwabo nempilo yabo. Okokugcina, uLupton ukhuluma ngokuthi "ukuzithokozisa ngokuzenzekelayo" lapho idatha yethu (ehlangene nganoma iyiphi yezindlela ezingenhla) iphinde isetshenziselwe izinzuzo zezohwebo. Idatha ikhiqizwa futhi iba yintengo nge-commercial value.
Kunobufakazi bokuthi inani elikhulayo lama-ejensi, izikhungo zezebhizinisi nezinhlangano ziba nesithakazelo ekuvuneni idatha eqoqwe ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinzwa nezingubo zokugqoka. U-Lupton uphikisa ukuthi le nkinga iba yinkinga enkulu lapho abantu bephoqelelwa noma behlushwa ukuze babelane ngemininingwane yabo.
Yini Amalungelo Ethu?
Ngisho nalapho idatha ihlanganiswa ngokungaziwa noma ngendlela ehlanganisiwe, umhlinzeki angase akwazi ukuthengisa noma ukwabelana ngayo namanye amaqembu. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuhlola inqubomgomo yobumfihlo yenkampani ngaphambi kokusebenzisa noma iyiphi ithuluzi elinamandla okuqoqa idatha yomuntu siqu. Ukuchofoza inkinobho ethi "Ngiyavuma" kwisofthiwe eyenza la madivaysi esebenzayo iphenduke ibe umthombo wedatha ocebile. Okubi nakakhulu, isofthiwe ingakuvumeli ukuthi usebenzise futhi / noma uvikele idatha yakho ngendlela ohlosile ngayo.
"Ubunikazi" ngaphezu kwedatha yakho yisifundo sokuphikisana. Umzila wethu wedatha yedijithali ufinyeleleka kakhulu, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi ukuthi ukufinyelela kunqatshelwe kulowo owenzayo. Ngokuvamile, akunzima ukukopisha noma ukudlulisa idatha yomuntu. Amaseva wefu ngokuvamile aqhutshwa amafemu anezicelo zomthetho ngaphezu kwamadokhumenti abawaqoqayo. Intshisekelo yabo kuBig Data ihlukile kunabanye abathanda impilo. Nakuba abathengi abaningi befuna ukuqonda okuncane emnothweni wabo, izinkampani kanye nohulumeni banesithakazelo ekutholeni ulwazi olunzulu ngokucubungula idatha yethu yezempilo nokuyisebenzisa kuwo wonke umuntu.
UNeil Richards noWolrow Hartzog, abaprofesa ababili abahloniphekile bomthetho, bakhomba ukuthi uma kuziwa kwiBig Data kanye nobumfihlo be-intanethi , iningi labantu linamandla kakhulu kunabasebenzi nezinkampani. Ngamafuphi, kungaba yinkinga ukuvikela izimpilo zethu zedijithali kusuka ekuqapha. Ubuhlobo obungalingani buye kwachazwa njengenye indlela "yokuhlukanisa idijithali." Ukuziphendukela kwempilo yedijithali, ukwanda kwemininingwane yezempilo etholakalayo, nokukhula okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezobuchwepheshe bezempilo kusho ukuqinisekiswa kokubhaliwe kwedatha kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili.
Ukungayiqondi Idatha Owanikwayo
Ukunweba nokufinyeleleka kwedatha yezempilo kungaphazamisa kalula abanye abasebenzisi. Abantu ababhekene nokukhathazeka bangase bathole ukuqonda idatha yabo yezempilo ephazamisayo, ikakhulukazi uma bethola izingcezu zolwazi ezizwakalayo eziyingozi. URyen White, Ph.D., no-Eric Horvitz, Ph.D., batadisha i-cyberchondria-inguqulo yanamuhla ye-hypochondria-eyabonisa ukuthi i-Inthanethi ingaba nomphumela omuhle. Ngamaphesenti angu-50 abantu, iwebhu inciphisa ukukhathazeka. Kodwa-ke, amaphesenti angu-40 alabo abasebenzisa i-intanethi ukuqonda izinkinga zabo zezempilo bakhathazeka kakhulu ngemva kocwaningo lwabo.
Uma izintambo zezintambo eziyinkimbinkimbi zifinyeleleka kalula kufomethi engaphandle komsebenzisi, abantu abakhathazeka ngokwezempilo bangase babe nobuchwepheshe bokuhlola njalo idatha yabo. Ucwaningo lwesiDashi oluholwa nguprofesa ongumxhumanisi uMartin Tanis uphakamise ukuthi kukhona ubudlelwane phakathi kokukhathazeka kwezempilo kanye nokwaziswa kwezempilo kwe-intanethi okufunayo. Ngakho-ke, kungase kubhekiswe ukuthi abantu abathile bangase bathathe ngokweqile idatha yabo, ikakhulukazi uma bengayiqondi ngokugcwele incazelo yalo.
Ukukhathazeka komunye umkhawulo we-spectrum kungukuthi kuye kwaphawula ukuthi abanye abasebenzisi baqala mhlawumbe bethemba amadivaysi abo okulandelela kakhulu. Iningi lethu lihlakulela isimiso semvelo sesifiso sethu nesisindo. Ezimweni ezivamile, lezi zinhlelo eziphilayo kufanele zisigcine. Nokho, kulezi zinsuku, abanye bakhetha ukuxhumana nohlelo lokusebenza lokudliwa ngaphambi kokudla ukudla. Ngenkathi imininingwane nolwazi lwezinhlelo zokusebenza zezempilo eziningi zibalulekile futhi zinembile, kunolwazi oluningi olungalungile. Uma uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza lokudla lugxila ekudleni kwakho kwe-caloric futhi umsebenzi wakho we-tracker u-overestimating burn caloric yakho, okuyinto iresiphi yokuthola isisindo. Ekugcineni, kulezi zimo, kufinyelela kumsebenzisi wokugcina ukunquma izinga lokunemba kunoma yiluphi uhlelo lokusebenza olunikeziwe noma umthombo wedatha.
> Imithombo:
> Lupton D. Izindlela zokuzilandelela: ukuziphendulela okuzibucayi kanye nemininingwane yedatha. 2014.
> Poel F, Baumgartner S, Hartmann T, Tanis M. I-curious case of cyberchondria: Ucwaningo lwesikhathi eside mayelana nobuhlobo obuseduze phakathi kokukhathazeka kwezempilo kanye nokwaziswa kwezempilo kwe-intanethi okufunayo. Umagazini Wezinkinga Zokukhathazeka , 2016: 32-40.
> Richards N, i-Hartzog W. Igalelo lokungathembeki lobumfihlo: ukubuyekezwa. Yale Law Journal, 2017; (4): 1180-1224.
> I-Verdezoto N, Grönvall E. Ngokuvimbela ukucindezelwa kwegazi ukuziqapha ekhaya. Ukuqonda, Ubuchwepheshe & Umsebenzi , 2016; 18 (2): 267
> I-White R, uHorvitz E. Cyberchondria ukuhlola kokukhula kokukhathazeka kwezokwelapha ekusesheni kwewebhu. Ukuthengiselana kwe-ACM kuNhlelo zoLwazi , 2009; (4): 23.