Ukuqonda Indlela Ukungalingani Kwemandla Kunokwenyusa Ingozi Ye-HIV
Esinye sezikhathazo eziyinhloko zeziphathimandla zempilo yomphakathi yithonya le-HIV kubesifazane nakwabanye abakhubazekile ngaphakathi kobudlelwano bocansi, bebeka engozini enkulu yokutheleleka. Lezi zintuthuko zivamise ukuthi ubani owenza izinqumo mayelana nemikhuba ethile yocansi noma, okubi nakakhulu, ngubani onelungelo lokwenza izinqumo. Kuyinto eqhubekayo yokuhlupha abesifazane emhlabeni jikelele namuhla.
Ukungalingani kwamandla okulingana ngokobulili, kokubili kwezomnotho nokwengqondo, kubonakala kunqanda ikhono lomfazi ukuxoxisana ngemikhuba yocansi. Ngokusho kocwaningo oluvela kwiNhlangano Eyinhloko Yokunakekelwa Kwentuthuko Eyinhloko, lokho kuyingxenye eyodwa kuphela ehambisana nokusetshenziselwa ukusetshenziswa kwekhondomu-okungenani ama-48% kwabesifazane abahlolwe. Ukuhlukunyezwa ngokomzimba, ngokocansi, nangokomzwelo kuhlanganisa kuphela inkinga.
Ukungalingani kwamandla okuhlukumeza ngokocansi kungase kudlale emafomini angcolile, noma kunjalo, kufaka phakathi:
- Izinkambiso zomphakathi ezichaza izindima ezithile zobulili.
- Isithembiso noma isidingo sokusekelwa kwezomnotho.
- Ukungabi namathekisthi noma imfundo (izinga lawo liphakeme phakathi kwabesifazane kunamadoda).
- Ukucwaswa okujwayelekile kwabesifazane abashadile noma abangashadile.
- Izindlela zokubaluleka kwamasiko ezivame ukubeka amadoda angaphezu kwabesifazane.
- Ukwamukelwa komphakathi kwamadoda asebekhulile abesilisa nabesifazane abasebancane (okuyinto, kwezinye izilungiselelo, ezihambisana namazinga aphezulu okutheleleka ngegciwane lesandulela ngculaza kulaba besifazane abaneminyaka eyi-15-24).
Lezi zinkinga zingathinta kakhulu ikhono lomfazi lokuxoxisana ngocansi oluvikelekile, ikakhulu uma izidingo zamasiko zomshado, ukuzala, kanye nomama ziphakeme.
I-HIV Nokuhlukunyezwa Kwabesifazane
Le nkinga ingaqhubeka igxile kakhulu ngokobudlova ngokobulili, ekhaya, noma ngokomzwelo, ngezifundo ezithile ezikhomba ukuthi kusuka ku-10% kuya ku-60% kwabesifazane bathinteka emhlabeni wonke.
Ngokweqile inkinga namuhla ukuthi emazweni athile afana neNingizimu Afrika, isibalo sokudlwengula saminyaka yonke sibikwa ukuthi siphezulu kunama-17% (noma cishe owesifazane kwabayisithupha kwabayisithupha). Esikhathini sika-2009 sampula yamadoda angu-1 738 aseNingizimu Afrika esifundazweni saKwaZulu Natal naseMpumalanga Kapa, abangaphezu kuka-25% bavuma ukuthi badlwengula umuntu, kanti ingxenye yabo yavuma ukudlwengula abesifazane abangaphezu kweyodwa.
Umjikelezo wokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili nokucindezelwa kwabesifazane ukwandisa ingozi ye-HIV ngezindlela eziningana:
- Ubulili obuphambene nokucindezeleka lungabhidliza izicubu ezinamathele emasini noma i-anus, okuhlinzeka ngomzila olula wokufinyelela wegciwane.
- I-HIV ngokwayo ivame ukuba nobuhlobo obubangela ubudlelwane obunobundlululo, lapho ukutheleleka kungenzeka ngenxa yodlame, kanti udlame luvame ukwenziwa kowesifazane onesandulela ngculaza (isib., Ngomlingani noma ilunga lomndeni).
- Ukuziphatha ngokocansi okulimazayo kuvame ukuxhunyaniswa nokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi.
Ukubhekana nokungalingani kobulili
Ngokusho kweWorld Health Organization (WHO), amazwe angu-52% kuphela abika ukuqaliswa kwezinhlelo ezibhekiswe kwabesifazane ngegciwane lesandulela ngculazi nengculazi njengengxenye yamasu abo kazwelonke, kanti kuncane okwenziwe ukubhekana nezinkinga ezinkulu eziphathelene nokungalingani kwamathuba omnotho kanye ukusekela; ukufinyelela ekuqeqesheni amakhono nokuqeqeshwa kwamakhono; kanye nokuvikelwa nokukhuthazwa kwamalungelo efa.
Ngaphandle kokukwazi ukulungisa lezi zindaba zomphakathi, impendulo ngokubhekwa kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi nengculaza ivame ukuthululwa. Lokhu akusho ukuthi amasu aqondene ne-HIV awahlolwa noma aqashwe. Phakathi kwezinketho ezithembisayo kakhulu i- microbicidal ring yangaphakathi ebizwa nge- NuvaRing , engakwazi ukukhubaza igciwane lesandulela ngculazi ngesikhathi socansi futhi igcinwe esiswini kuze kube yizinsuku ezingu-30.
Imikhiqizo enjengaleyo ibonakala isengaphambili amasu okuvimbela okuqala, amaningi awo anganikezi abesifazane izindlela zokuzivikela ezizimele noma okudingeka kakhulu endleleni yokunamathela kwansuku zonke (into enzima ukuyifihla ekusithekeni) .
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ukuvuselelwa okuvuselelwe ukusetshenziswa kwekhondomu yabesifazane (noma "abesifazanekazi") kwenziwa kwezinye imikhakha, ngezinguqulo ezilula, ezilukhuni, nezindleko ezingena ngaphansi. Phakathi kwazo kukhona izinqubo ezintsha ezifana neKomvi labesifazane , elifakwe njenge-tampon futhi likhula phakathi kwesifazane; kanye neCommom Female Female Condom , esivela njenge-accordion futhi ingahlinzeka ngokuvuselela kokubili indoda nowesifazane.
Ubulili bobulili bungathinta amadoda, kakhulu
Ehlangothini le-flip, ukuhlalisana komphakathi kungabambelela nokuthi indoda ixhumana kanjani ngokocansi. Ngenkathi abesifazane bevame ukubhekwa njengaba "okhulumisana" ebuhlotsheni-hhayi kuphela kumlingani wabo, kodwa nabanye besifazane ababelana ngeseluleko socansi-amadoda ngokuvamile kulindeleke ukuba abe nolwazi futhi abe "nolwazi" mayelana nobulili. Noma yiziphi izikhala emfundweni yezocansi yomuntu (kubandakanya ukwehluleka ukuthola iseluleko ngokusetshenziswa komkhondomu okufanele ) kungabangela ingozi eyandayo kokubili yena nomlingani wakhe.
Esikhathini sokuhlola okwenziwe isiphambano esenziwa yi-Emory University, abafundi bezinkathi zesilisa baseKolishi babecelwa ukuba bakhumbule ukusetshenziswa kwabo ikhondomu esikhathini esiyizinyanga ezintathu ezedlule. Ucwaningo lwathola lokho
- Amaphesenti angama-60 awazange axoxe ngamakhondomu nabalingani bawo bobulili;
- Amaphesenti angu-42 abeke amakhondomu emva kokuqala kocansi;
- 15% asuse ikhondomu ngaphambi kokuqeda ucansi;
- Amaphesenti angu-40 awashiyanga isikhala esiphambanweni sekhondomu ;
- Amaphesenti angu-30 abeke ikhondomu igxile phansi epeni;
- Amaphesenti angu-33 abike ukuthi aphule noma aphule ikhondomu ngesikhathi socansi, futhi;
- 42% bafuna ukusebenzisa amakhondomu kepha babengenayo ngaleso sikhathi.
Ngisho phakathi kwalabo abasebenzisa amakhondomu, abaningi babike ukuthi benze kanjalo ngesicelo somlingani wabo, okwakubhekwa ngezinye izikhathi njengesimemezelo sokusola noma ukungathembeki.
Lezi zinhlobo zeziphambeko ziphakamisa ukuthi kugxile kakhulu okumele kubekwe kumaqhinga akhuthaza ukuhlolwa kabusha kwezindima ezibhekwa ngokobulili, kugxile ekuxoxweni okwabelwana kanye nokwenza izinqumo ngaphakathi kobudlelwano bocansi.
Imithombo:
I-Gollub, E. "Ukukhetha Kunamandla: Ukuqapha Ngokuphathelene Nokuvimbela Ukutheleleka Nge-HIV Kwabesifazane." Imibono Yomndeni Yomhlaba Wonke. Disemba 2006; 32 (4): 209-212.
Higgins, A .; UHoffman, uS .; kanye noDworkin, S. "Ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili, amadoda angama-Heterosexual, kanye nokuhlukunyezwa kwabesifazane kwi-HIV / AIDS." I-American Journal of Health Public. Mashi 2010; 100 (3): 435-445.
AmaJuda, R .; Sikweyiya, Y .; UMorrell, uR .; et al. "Ukuqonda Impilo Yamadoda Nokusebenzisa Ubudlova: Isikhombisi Sokudlwengula Ne-HIV eNingizimu Afrika." Inqubomgomo yoMkhandlu Wokucwaninga Ngezokwelapha Mfushane. EPitoli, eNingizimu Afrika; Julayi 2009.
I-Pulerwitz, i-J .; U-Amaro, J .; De Jong, W .; et al. "Amandla Obudlelwane, Ukusetshenziswa Kwekhondom kanye neHIV Phakathi Kwabesifazane E-USA." Ukwelashwa kwe-AIDS. Disemba 2002; 14 (6): 789-800.
I-World Health Organization (WHO). "Ukungalingani ngokobulili ne-HIV." I-Geneva, eSwitzerland.