I-Galactic Cosmic Rays-Iminye Yezinselele Zomhlaba We-Mars
Ingabe izazi ze-Mars Mission zizothuthukisa i- leukemia kusukela ohambo lwazo ukuya e-Red Planet? Kungase kuzwakale njengombuzo ongaqondakali, kodwa izifundo ze-NASA-ezixhaswe ngemali zibheke kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinto ekulungiseleleni lokho okungase kube esinye isiqhwaga esixulela isintu-uhambo oluya eMars. Uhambo nabasebenzi besintu lungase luqale ngokushesha ngama-2030s. Kunezigaba ezahlukene zale projekthi ebalulekile, futhi ukuhlela nokucwaninga sekuqalile kakade.
Ungabuka wonke amacebo, kufaka phakathi izigaba ezintathu ezihlukene zokuhlola, ku-NASA "Isayithi le-Journey to Mars Overview".
Ukuthunyelwa komuntu eMars kuza nezingozi eziningi, ezinye ziyaziwa futhi ezinye ezingaziwa. Enye yezinto ezikhathazayo ezihambela abahamba phambili ingumphumela wemisebe yendawo ejulile empilweni yabantu. Esicwaningweni esisha sezimali se-NASA, abacwaningi bathole ukuthi imisebe ejulile yesikhala ingabangela ingozi ye-leukemia kubavuzi-mhlaba, okulethwe izinguquko emaqenjini abalulekile e-bone emathunjini asetsheni abangela wonke amangqamuzana egazi omzimba emzimbeni.
Ukushiswa kwemisindo Evela kuma-X-ray kanye ne-CT Scans
Ukwehliswa kwemisebe kuhambisana nakho okusemandleni okulimaza . Kukhona imisebe evuselelayo nemisebe engeyona ionizing.
Ngenkathi imisebe engeyona ionizing, njengaleyo imisebe ye-UV evela elangeni, ingaba yingozi, ungavame ukuzivikela kulolu hlobo lwemisebe kalula kalula. Imisebe ye-ionizing kunzima ukugwema. Imisebe ye-ionizing ingadlulisa izinto futhi ishintshe ukukhokhwa kwama-athomu kuzinto ezizungezile.
Izinhlayiyana ezihambisana nemisebe ye-ionizing emkhathini zivela ezinhlakeni ezibanjelwe emisebeni (Van Allen Belts), imisebe ye-cosmic, nezinhlayiya ze-solar flare.
Uma kwenzeka imishanguzo esetshenziselwa ukwelapha umdlavuza, izinzuzo zokwelashwa kwe-ionizing zokwelashwa (ukubulala amangqamuzana omdlavuza) zilinganiswa nezingozi ezivela kulokho kuvezwa, njengokungathi kube lula futhi kube yesikhathi eside, kubandakanya ukuvela kweminyaka emisha yokulimala.
Ngokufanayo, ukuvezwa kwemisebe emisebeni yama-x ne-CT akubheki kalula, ngoba ukuvezwa okungajwayelekile nokungadingekile emisebeni yezokwelapha nokuxilonga kungabangezela engozini yokuphila komuntu engozini .
Ukukhishwa Kwemvula Kusukela ku-Galactic Cosmic Rays
I-radiation iyinhlangano ehamba phambili yamandla, futhi imisebe ye-galactic cosmic (GCRs) yindlela eyodwa yemisebe enesithakazelo esikhulu njengoba ihlobene nokuhamba kwesikhala. Ama-GCR ikakhulu avela ngaphandle kwesistimu yethu yasebusuku, kodwa ngokuvamile evela ngaphakathi kwegilina lethu le-Milky Way. I-GCR iyinhloko ye-ions eqinile, enezici eziningi eziye zazithwala wonke ama-electron wazo ngenkathi zidabula umlayezo cishe ngejubane lokukhanya.
Imisebe yesikhala esijulile ihluke kulokho esikubonayo emhlabathini-noma ngisho naseMhlabeni ophansi-orbit-ngoba kukhona okuningi "ithrafikhi" yemisebe yama-cosmic ephezulu ye-galactic ephuma lapho, ngaphezu kwemisindo evela emimoyeni yelanga amabhande emisebe eseduze nomuzi. UMhlaba unamabhande omlilo okuthiwa i-Van Allen amabhande afana namakhilomitha angu-1 000 kuya ku-60,000 ngaphezulu.
Insimu yamagnetic yomhlaba ivula imisebe iphinde ivikele umkhathi weMhlaba ekubhujisweni, kodwa umsebenzi we-Mars udinga ukuhamba okujulile kwesikhala.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Mars yalahlekelwa yizinkulungwane zamabhiliyoni eminyaka edlule, ngakho-ke abantu abagcina behamba nge-Red Planet, ngeke kube nokuvikeleka okunjalo okubalindele. I-NASA iyazi kahle lezi zingozi futhi isebenza ngezixazululo ezikhona. Ososayensi be-NASA baye baphakamisa nethuba lokudala insimu yamagnetic ezungeze iMars ukuvikela ukuhambela kwesikhathi esizayo.
Yini Engayenza Abantu Bama-Galactic Rays?
Umthelela wokushisa imisebe kubantu emkhathini uhlolwe ngezindlela eziningi ezahlukene, futhi akuyona nje i-leukemia kanye ne-malignancy ukuthi ososayensi bakhathazekile ngakho. I-NASA iphinda iqhube izifundo ezibheke ezindaweni ezihamba ngezinkanyezi, ukuthi ukuvezwa okunjalo kungathinta kanjani ukuqonda nokuziphatha, nokuthi izakhi zofuzo zithinta kanjani imishanguzo-futhi ngokuqondile, yiziphi izakhi ezivuliwe futhi yiziphi izakhi ezivaliwe.
Ukuphila ku-Mars kungabangela ingozi yokwelapha i-leukemia, ngokusho kwedatha ehlangene neqembu labacwaningi abavela eWake Forest Baptist Medical Center. Leli qembu laphenya ngemithelela engaba khona yemisebe yendawo ejulile ikakhulukazi kuma-cell hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). I-HSCs empeleni yiwona ofanayo ama-stem amangqamuzana okungenzeka ukuthi wezwa ngawo asetshenziswa njengokwelashwa komdlavuza kwezinye izimo.
Uma isiguli sinomthamo omkhulu we-chemotherapy ehlelwe ukubulala amangqamuzana omdlavuza, i-chemo nayo ingathatha ama-cell stem. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukuguqulwa kwamathambo , noma ama-hematopoietic stem cell transplants , kungenziwa ukuze kukhuliswe ikhono lomguli lokuthola ukuqala okusha ngamaseli enempilo, amasha wegazi. Lezi zingqamuzana ezifanayo zegazi ezisezintweni zakho ezenza igazi lakho lonke amaseli egazi omusha njengoba abadala bephela. Amaseli avuthiwe egazini afaka amaseli abomvu aphefumula i-oxygen emapapheni akho aye kuwo wonke umzimba wakho, kodwa futhi namaseli amhlophe asiza ukulwa nokutheleleka nokugula.
Ithimba lase-Wake Forest lithatha la ma-HSCs ahlinzeka ngegazi kusukela kubanikazi abanempilo abaneminyaka engama-30 kuya ku-55 ubudala futhi bawabeka emisebeni ejwayelekile kanye nama-GCR njengama-ray alindeleke ukuba ahlase izimbangi ngesikhathi se-Mars mission. Bahlaziya amaseli kulabhu kamuva futhi bathola ukuthi imishanguzo yathinteka amangqamuzana ezingeni le-stem cell, okwenza izinguquko ezinjengezakhi zofuzo ezithinte ikhono labo lokuthuthukisa zibe amangqamuzana egazi avuthiwe. Ukuvezwa kwemisebe yanciphisa amandla e-cell stem ukuthi akhiqize cishe zonke izinhlobo zamangqamuzana egazi, futhi amandla abo okwenza amangqamuzana amasha ayevame ukunciphisa ngamaphesenti angama-60 kuya kwangu-80, ngokusho kukaChristopher Porada, umcwaningi ophezulu kule phrojekthi.
Ukunciphisa okunjalo emaqenjini egazi kungase kusho ukuthini izimbangi zegazi kukhona iziguli eziningi zegciwane lesifo segazi-ukwehla kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu kungabangela i-anemia , enezimpawu ezifana nokukhathala, ubuthakathaka, ukuphefumula, nokuphefumula kokuzivocavoca. Ukwehliswa kwamangqamuzana egazi ezimhlophe kunganciphisa ukuvikeleka kwegciwane lomzimba, ukukhulelwa okukhulayo ekutheleleni. Futhi ukunciphisa kwamaplatelet kungenza umuntu abe nesisindo sokuqeda izinkinga kanye nokuphuma kwegazi, ngokulimala okungavamile noma ukuphaphaza.
Ukusebenzisa amagundane ukuze uthole okuncane kakhulu
Ngokuvamile ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha, okutholakele okubonakala kubonakala kuyi-laboratory akukwazi ukuphinde kwenziwe noma kuqinisekiswe uma kubalulekile, empeleni, umuntu ophefumulayo-noma igundane lokuqala. Ukuze uzame ukuqonda ukuthi ukuvezwa kwemisebe kungabonakala kanjani ekuphileni, ithimba laseWake Forest lakhipha i-GCR-irradiated HSCs kumagundane.
Amagundane aqhubeka nokuthuthukisa i- T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia . Ithimba lichaze lokhu njengokubonisa ukuthi imisebe ejulile yesikhala ingandisa ingozi yegazi kubantu.
I-T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (T-ALLs) i-aggressive blood cancers ngenxa yezinguquko ezimbi emangqamuzaneni akha ama-T-cells, noma amaseli egazi amhlophe aziwa njenge-T-lymphocytes. T-ALL ukulandisa ngamaphesenti angu-10 kuya kumaphesenti angu-15 ebuntwaneni BONKE namaphesenti angu-25 omuntu wonke omdala. Iziguli ezine-T-KONKE zivame ukuba nomnkantsha ogcwele i-T cells lymphoblasts engakafiki, kanye nokubala okuphezulu kwegciwane legazi, izicubu esifubeni, kanye nokubandakanyeka kwesistimu yomphakathi phakathi kwesikhathi sokuxilongwa. Ukwelashwa kwamazinga angaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-75 kubantwana namaphesenti angaba ngu-50 kubantu abadala abonwe nalesi sifo.
Ngaphansi kweSifundo SeMouse
Iziphumo zabaphenyi zazivumela ukuba baphethe ngokuthi imiphumela emibili ehlukene yemisebe kungenzeka ukuthi yayisemsebenzini ekukhuleni kwe-leukemia. Okokuqala, bathola ukulimala kwezakhi zofuzo kumaHSC kungabangela ngqo ekuthuthukiseni i-leukemia. Okwesibili, ukushisa imisebe nakho kwakungekho ikhono lamaHSC wokwenza amangqamuzana amasha e-T ne-B, omabili lawo angamaseli amhlophe egazi angabandakanyeka ekulwa namabhubhisi angaphandle njengama-bacteria, kodwa nawo amangqamuzana amathumba. Ngakho-ke, akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi unayo izinguquko zofuzo emaqenjini angama-stem angabangela i-leukemia, kodwa futhi unesimiso sokuzivikela somzimba sokukhubazeka ngokuphathelene nokukwazi ukuqeda amangqamuzana angamahle avela ekuguqulweni kwamagesi.
> Imithombo
> Dachev T, Horneck G, Häder DP, et al. Iphrofayili yesikhathi sokuchayeka kwemisebe ye-cosmic ngesikhathi se-EXPOSE-E Mission: I-R3DE Instrument. I-Astrobiology . 2012; 12 (5): 403-411.
> Van Vlierberghe P, uFerrando A. I-molecule ye-T cell i-lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Invest . 2012; 122 (10): 3398-3406.